clozen times in tl~c year-that they had neitl~er books,Iiewspapcrs, nor Itno\r~ledgc, antl llatl to eitl~er worlc orfight as their masters <strong>and</strong> owners tliol~ght fit. If all thisbe true, <strong>and</strong> tlie worltitiq"" class be now n~ucli better off thantheir predecessors were, lt is no reason ~vhp they should notbe still better off, <strong>and</strong> eqllally as well off as tl~osc whotell them to 11oltl their tongues, <strong>and</strong> be contented with the1)osition n~l~ich they now occupy. All 11ap1)iness is comparative; <strong>and</strong> it is not irl human nature to remain satisfiedwith any station, so long as it is cognizant of a better ; norwill men submit to be mc:~suretl by A low st<strong>and</strong>ard, so longas there is a higher one in existence. Wl~y should enorlrlousmasses of n~ealtlr be in tllc possession of the itllc ant1the pndlig;~tc, ~vhen tl~c in~lustriorls <strong>and</strong> the Itonest arctvitho~~t il penny ? TYlly sl~oultl ~vcll-fed ant1 ~vcll-clotltctlinsignificar~ce roll slothfully along in its splendid vehicle,in ~wrsuit of ne\v ~IC:ISIII.CS to tcnlpt its ~)nllcd appetite,ill111 tile toil-111orn ;~rtiz;~u 1)c compelled to plod to llis dailyorlc, wit11 half-clothe(1 back antl lln~~gry belly ? There isno reasotl given, for there is not one to be found. Theimmaculate Spirit of Justice trltich exists throughout creation,tells mcrl, in accents of eternal truth, that He neverinstituted these most u~ljust distinctions amongst them.The productive classes of the Unitetl Klngdom are\reiglted to the earth by sue11 a variety <strong>and</strong> multiplicityof burthens <strong>and</strong> wrongs, that enumerationant1 description both fajl in bringing into view the,sun^ totitl. The ills they suffer are brought hometo them through every sense ; for sight, Ilearing, smel!,taste, ant1 feelirlg alilte proclaim the wrong, <strong>and</strong> tell menthat a remedy is neetlcd. These evils are so intermoveni~ito the preseut systetn-so ramified <strong>and</strong> entangled-soitssirnilated into every social <strong>and</strong> political institution-thattlre productive class can o111y free tl~emselves by cuttingthrough all at one blow. Erery mere governnientai remetlyhiis been proved fallacious <strong>and</strong> useless. One remedy yetremains to be tried, antl one only-that of changing thevery conrse of human society, antl sweeping away, at once,the accuniulatetl wrongs of tl~ous<strong>and</strong>s of years. Someanlongst us may start at tlte magnitude of the remedy pro-~)cseed, but the change is no more than will be necessary totffect tlie gigantic evil which consnmes us. Let those ~vhnthink that less will do, turn over the page of history-letdiem loolc back to the working inari of all ages, nnder allforms of government, nutlcr :dl s'ystems of religion-<strong>and</strong>tl~ey will find that the \vroligs ant1 the crils of which wenow coniplain have always existed. Has not every effort,petty or mighty, moral or physical, been insutficient tos]iaI;e off that cnlshing incabus ivliich has for so many agesrlcadened the sold of the producer of wealth ? Docs notevery struggle of tlie working man fail to subvert t11;tt nnseenpower which chains Ilis prostrateii energies to tlicevcr-moving oar of capital, <strong>and</strong> gives him up, bound bodysoul, to every ill that the governmental ant1 ecclesiasticaltyranny of class ant1 c;lSte may C~OOSC to inflict upon? If despotism, or the esercise of unde1eg;ttcd autllorityby I,nrticular indivi0l1:ils ;uid clnsses, -conld havedone it, tliere 111,s been despotism enougli-if liberty, eitheras into licentiousness, or as ~011n~~tctl lvitll ohtlienccto political :~uthority self-i~npos~d ant\ srlbjcct topol>lllnr control, coultl 11avc (lone it, tlicrc llas at times heenliberty enougll-if prayers, a11d sacrifices, <strong>and</strong> burntofferingscould ]lave done it, the shouting <strong>and</strong> the incense-smol
LABOUR'S WRONGS A ~ DCHAPTER V.THE GOVERNMENTAL BURTHENS OF THE WORKINGCLASS OF THE UNITED RINQDOhf. .IN that interminable torrent of progression in which allthings move man may make attempts to st<strong>and</strong> still, butall llis efforts will Ire futile. What he coneiders perfectto-day, he is willing to alter a little to-morrow. Tlleomnipresent spirit of Bfotion is within hirn <strong>and</strong> aro~lndhim ; <strong>and</strong>, almost without being conscious of it, manmoves along with the rest of things. Although thus perpetriallychanging <strong>and</strong> making changes, men scarcely everlike these changes when subjected to their influence forthe first time. We become accustomed to go throughlife, as it were, in a kind of jog-trot ; <strong>and</strong> anything whichtends to accelerate our speed, or make our journey moreeasy <strong>and</strong> pleasant, is always, at the beginning regardedwith dislike. Afterwards, however, when we have becomehabituated to the new order of things, <strong>and</strong> are abol~t toimake a further remove, we cling to the last change with asmuch pertinacity as we at first displayed in rejecting it.Although old shoes may fit US easier than nerv ones, weare never thereby prevented from throwing the old aside<strong>and</strong> obtaining the new; for everything-an institlltion aswell as an article of apparel-must be new before it canbe old.Men have in all ages cried out against changes of everydescriptio~~ ; <strong>and</strong> if their dolorous prognostications of theevils attendant on changes could lrrtve retarded the marchof events, we should now have been no better than nalied<strong>and</strong> half-famished savages; for the barbarian, Iike thecivilised man, has the best possihle social system, the bestform of government, <strong>and</strong> the most rational religiotls belief,that man can i~lstitute or the Creator of man ordain.Since, then, me have progressed thus far, why should wenot take another leap, <strong>and</strong> make the world all that poetsever dreamed of, or good men ever longed for? Whyshould we not institute a system of action, with regard toeach other, based on those immutable principles of justice<strong>and</strong> equality which alone are capable of making man ashappy as he is mighty ? We have seen plainly that, bythe present constitution of society, the millions are adoomed class-that, from the position in which they st<strong>and</strong>with regard to capital <strong>and</strong> the capitalist, their conditionis unimprovable <strong>and</strong> their wrongs irremediable-<strong>and</strong>that, as a body, they mill reniain oppressed <strong>and</strong> impoverished,even if they produce a n~illion of pounds sterlingworth of wealtlt in the place of every thous<strong>and</strong> which theynow create. The subversion of this unjust system, <strong>and</strong>the institutio~l of one more in accodance with the nature<strong>and</strong> attributes of man, will be anything but difficult ; <strong>and</strong>we shoulil be bound to attempt the change, if success \re*only just within the verge of ~ossibility.If the productive classes require a stimulrls to exertionin the noble cause of thcir redemption, let them viewr, sideby side, their governmental <strong>and</strong> their social burthcnsthoseattributable to monarchy, <strong>and</strong> those arising fromthat system of inequality of which monarchy is no morethan the impersonation-<strong>and</strong> it will be seen that theworking classes of the United Kingdom are, by unequalexchanges, annually plundered of the produce of theirlabour to an amount almost incalculable ; <strong>and</strong> that, so longas this system of unequal exchanges is tolerated, the producerswill be almost as poor <strong>and</strong> as ignorant <strong>and</strong> as hardworkedas they are at present, even if every gorernmentdburthen be swept away, <strong>and</strong> all taxes be abolished.The mere fact that our present social system enableshundreds of thous<strong>and</strong>s of able-bodied men to exist inuselessness, <strong>and</strong> without returning any equivalent for themany benefits whicl~ they receive, ought to be a sufficientroof to every producer, that the system is a bad one.&he gain of an idle class most necessarily be the loss of anindustrious class : <strong>and</strong> although the manner in which theformer obtain possession of their wealth may be calledlegal, yet is the transaction nothing less than a robberyupon the working man. It is these idlers only who denythat the producers are plundered. These capitalists <strong>and</strong>
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tastes and ignorant appliances of t
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then wlll the unknown and now unapp
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the protluctive classes must still
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176 LABOUR'S WRONGS ANDgalling fett
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character of these arrangements in
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L.~BOUIZ'S REMEDY. 191to the existi
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all these companies, and estenlls t
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plished under the joint-stoclc syst
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exchanges. " 1\11 evidence," also,
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206 LABOUR'S JI1I'ICONGS ANDmills i
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2 10 LACOUR'S WRONGS ANDup1)er clas
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In regarding any nntf every ren~edy