Ecology and Management of Avian Botulism on the Canadian Prairies

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30Table 5. Estimates <strong>of</strong> birds killed by avian botulism <strong>and</strong> mean carcass densities (carcasses/ha)remaining during searches, based on carcass pickup rates <strong>and</strong> transect data.YearLakeProvince aNumbercarcassescollectedPercentcarcassesfoundScavengingRate bCarcassesremainingon lake c *Me<strong>and</strong>ensity*based onmarkedcarcassesMe<strong>and</strong>ensity*based ontransects(SD) d1998PakowkiAB4,943 28Unknown,likely zero12,7102.31(na)WhitewaterMB19,106 7Unknown,likely 0%253,8402.31(na)1999WhitewaterMB15,512 7Unknown,likely 0%206,088 3.342.15(2.39)KimiwanAB1,978 32Unknown,likely high4,200 na2000PaysenSK2,928 42 13% (2/15) 4,040 1.31.23(1.12)FrankAB2,351 29 0% (0/30) 5,756 6.224.03(1.69)2001KettlehutSK870scavengingUnknown,likely high~0 naChaplinSK242 25 50% (1/2) 726 na* Over summer.abcAB = Alberta; MB = Manitoba; SK = Saskatchewan.The number <strong>of</strong> carcasses scavenged relative to number available is shown in parentheses.Based on percent found.dna = information not available.
31NFigure 1. Maps <strong>of</strong> study lakes, indicating area covered by different densities <strong>of</strong> vegetation. SeeTable 1 for further details regarding lakes.
Page 1: Ecology an
Page 4 and 5: iiThe model of bot
Page 6 and 7: ivTABLE OF CONTENTSEXECUTIVE SUMMAR
Page 8 and 9: 2Research from the 1970s supported
Page 10 and 11: 4(Coburn and Quort
Page 12 and 13: 6could potentially serve as substra
Page 14 and 15: 8additional lakes and</stro
Page 16 and 17: 10challenge because management assu
Page 18 and 19: 12Rocke TE, Bollinger TK. 2007. <st
Page 20 and 21: 14Table 1. Names and</stron
Page 22 and 23: 16PART IEFFICACY OF CARCASS CLEAN-U
Page 24 and 25: 18Our objectives were to determine:
Page 26 and 27: 20marked carcasses potentially avai
Page 28 and 29: 22Intensive search studyOn 18 Augus
Page 30 and 31: 24if extrapolated to Whitewater Lak
Page 32 and 33: 26Table 1. Characteristics
Page 34 and 35: 28Table 3. Number of</stron
Page 38 and 39: Figure 2. Map of W
Page 40 and 41: Figure 4. Variation of</str
Page 42 and 43: 36PART IISURVIVAL OF RADIO-MARKED M
Page 44 and 45: 38two lakes were subjected to carca
Page 46 and 47: 40NecropsiesDead birds were include
Page 48 and 49: 42were right censored. One hundred
Page 50 and 51: 44design, possibly with a treatment
Page 52 and 53: 46Rocke TE, Bollinger TK. 2007. <st
Page 54 and 55: 48Table 2. Models used to assess ef
Page 56 and 57: 50Table 4. Models used to evaluate
Page 58 and 59: 52INTRODUCTIONMaggot-laden carcasse
Page 60 and 61: 54among categories after creating a
Page 62 and 63: 56LITERATURE CITEDBurnham KP, Ander
Page 64 and 65: 58Table 2. Candida
Page 66 and 67: 60PART IVLATE-SUMMER SURVIVAL OF MA
Page 68 and 69: 62In each year of
Page 70 and 71: 64Recovery rate comparisons - 1999D
Page 72 and 73: 66between the present study <strong
Page 74 and 75: 68Table 1. Number of</stron
Page 76 and 77: 70Table 3. Logistic analyses evalua
Page 78 and 79: 72Table 5. Direct recovery rates <s
Page 80 and 81: 741210ControlBotulism</stro
Page 82 and 83: 761614ControlBotulism</stro
Page 84 and 85: 78INTRODUCTIONAvian</strong
Page 86 and 87:
80(GPS) receivers (eTrex Venture, e
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82mortality rate was calculated by
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84samples from FG carcasses collect
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86outbreaks in waterfowl (Table 4;
Page 94 and 95:
88birds and toxic
Page 96 and 97:
90LITERATURE CITEDBall G, Bollinger
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92Williamson JL, Rocke TE, Aiken JM
Page 100 and 101:
94Table 2. Species composition <str
Page 102 and 103:
96Table 4. Estimates of</st
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98iiviiiii1 0 1 2 km1 0 1 21 0 1 21
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100PART VIVARIABILITY OF TYPE C CLO
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102seasonal wetland</strong
Page 110 and 111:
104clinical signs of</stron
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106RESULTSThe proportion of
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108sediments in basins of</
Page 116 and 117:
110Williamson JL, Rocke TE, Aiken J
Page 118 and 119:
112Chaplin, SK botulism 3/5 (60) 1/
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114Table 3. Annual and</str
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116MAIN CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDAT
Page 124 and 125:
Recommendation 8:The model
Page 126 and 127:
120APPENDIX 1AVIAN BOTULISM IN ALBE
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122July 15, 2002ISBN: 0-7785-0962-1
Page 130 and 131:
1242BackgroundMunro (1927) provides
Page 132 and 133:
1264SUMMARY OF ALBERTA BOTULISM OUT
Page 134 and 135:
128Moyles, D. 1989. Avian</
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13081) 1980 (Calverley 1980)Appendi
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1321010) 1990 (F&W files)LakeDetect
Page 140 and 141:
134123 probable blue-green algal po
Page 142 and 143:
136APPENDIX 2EXPOSURE OF MALLARD DU
Page 144 and 145:
138Toxin was administered orally us
Page 146:
140LITERATURE CITEDCarmichael WW, B
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Ecology and Management of Avian Botulism on the Canadian Prairies

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