Ecology and Management of Avian Botulism on the Canadian Prairies

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92Williamson JL, Rocke TE, Aiken JM. 1999. In situ detection <strong>of</strong> the Clostridium botulinum typeC1 toxin gene in wetl<strong>and</strong> sediments with a nested PCR assay. Appl Environ Microbiol.65:3240-3243.Wobeser G. 1997a. <strong>Avian</strong> botulism - another perspective. J Wildl Dis. 33:181-186.Wobeser G. 1997. Diseases <strong>of</strong> wild waterfowl, 2nd edition. New York: Plenum Press.Wobeser G, Galmut EA. 1984. Internal temperature <strong>of</strong> decomposing duck carcasses in relation tobotulism. J Wildl Dis. 20:267-271.Wobeser G, Rainnie DJ, Smith-Windsor TB, Bogdan G. 1983. <strong>Avian</strong> botulism during lateautumn <strong>and</strong> early spring in Saskatchewan. J Wildl Dis. 19:90-94.
93Table 1. Adjusted estimates <strong>of</strong> Franklin’s gull nest density (nests/ha) <strong>and</strong> abundance in late May<strong>of</strong> 1999, 2000, <strong>and</strong> 2001. Estimates for 2001 were obtained from the model created in DistancePˆ ) for 2001 (0.88) was employed to adjust nest4.0. The probability <strong>of</strong> nest detection ( anestdensity estimates for 1999 <strong>and</strong> 2000. Surveys were performed on 19-27 May in 1999, 23-30May in 2000, <strong>and</strong> 31 May in 2001.YearAdjusted nest densityAdjusted no. <strong>of</strong> nestsCVDˆ SE 95% CL Nˆ SE 95% CL1999 133 48 61 - 290 22,789 8,204 10,433 - 49,777 0.362000 276 41 207 - 367 38,949 5,726 29,249 - 51,864 0.152001 192 22 147 - 252 30,056 3,499 22,984 - 39,302 0.12
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Ecology an
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iiThe model of bot
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ivTABLE OF CONTENTSEXECUTIVE SUMMAR
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2Research from the 1970s supported
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4(Coburn and Quort
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6could potentially serve as substra
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8additional lakes and</stro
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10challenge because management assu
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12Rocke TE, Bollinger TK. 2007. <st
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14Table 1. Names and</stron
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16PART IEFFICACY OF CARCASS CLEAN-U
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18Our objectives were to determine:
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20marked carcasses potentially avai
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22Intensive search studyOn 18 Augus
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24if extrapolated to Whitewater Lak
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26Table 1. Characteristics
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28Table 3. Number of</stron
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30Table 5. Estimates of</st
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Figure 2. Map of W
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Figure 4. Variation of</str
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36PART IISURVIVAL OF RADIO-MARKED M
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38two lakes were subjected to carca
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40NecropsiesDead birds were include
Page 48 and 49: 42were right censored. One hundred
Page 50 and 51: 44design, possibly with a treatment
Page 52 and 53: 46Rocke TE, Bollinger TK. 2007. <st
Page 54 and 55: 48Table 2. Models used to assess ef
Page 56 and 57: 50Table 4. Models used to evaluate
Page 58 and 59: 52INTRODUCTIONMaggot-laden carcasse
Page 60 and 61: 54among categories after creating a
Page 62 and 63: 56LITERATURE CITEDBurnham KP, Ander
Page 64 and 65: 58Table 2. Candida
Page 66 and 67: 60PART IVLATE-SUMMER SURVIVAL OF MA
Page 68 and 69: 62In each year of
Page 70 and 71: 64Recovery rate comparisons - 1999D
Page 72 and 73: 66between the present study <strong
Page 74 and 75: 68Table 1. Number of</stron
Page 76 and 77: 70Table 3. Logistic analyses evalua
Page 78 and 79: 72Table 5. Direct recovery rates <s
Page 80 and 81: 741210ControlBotulism</stro
Page 82 and 83: 761614ControlBotulism</stro
Page 84 and 85: 78INTRODUCTIONAvian</strong
Page 86 and 87: 80(GPS) receivers (eTrex Venture, e
Page 88 and 89: 82mortality rate was calculated by
Page 90 and 91: 84samples from FG carcasses collect
Page 92 and 93: 86outbreaks in waterfowl (Table 4;
Page 94 and 95: 88birds and toxic
Page 96 and 97: 90LITERATURE CITEDBall G, Bollinger
Page 100 and 101: 94Table 2. Species composition <str
Page 102 and 103: 96Table 4. Estimates of</st
Page 104 and 105: 98iiviiiii1 0 1 2 km1 0 1 21 0 1 21
Page 106 and 107: 100PART VIVARIABILITY OF TYPE C CLO
Page 108 and 109: 102seasonal wetland</strong
Page 110 and 111: 104clinical signs of</stron
Page 112 and 113: 106RESULTSThe proportion of
Page 114 and 115: 108sediments in basins of</
Page 116 and 117: 110Williamson JL, Rocke TE, Aiken J
Page 118 and 119: 112Chaplin, SK botulism 3/5 (60) 1/
Page 120 and 121: 114Table 3. Annual and</str
Page 122 and 123: 116MAIN CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDAT
Page 124 and 125: Recommendation 8:The model
Page 126 and 127: 120APPENDIX 1AVIAN BOTULISM IN ALBE
Page 128 and 129: 122July 15, 2002ISBN: 0-7785-0962-1
Page 130 and 131: 1242BackgroundMunro (1927) provides
Page 132 and 133: 1264SUMMARY OF ALBERTA BOTULISM OUT
Page 134 and 135: 128Moyles, D. 1989. Avian</
Page 136 and 137: 13081) 1980 (Calverley 1980)Appendi
Page 138 and 139: 1321010) 1990 (F&W files)LakeDetect
Page 140 and 141: 134123 probable blue-green algal po
Page 142 and 143: 136APPENDIX 2EXPOSURE OF MALLARD DU
Page 144 and 145: 138Toxin was administered orally us
Page 146: 140LITERATURE CITEDCarmichael WW, B
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Ecology and Management of Avian Botulism on the Canadian Prairies

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