Ecology and Management of Avian Botulism on the Canadian Prairies

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iiThe model <strong>of</strong> botulism ecology, developed by the working group in 1998, should continue to beused as a basis for management <strong>and</strong> research, <strong>and</strong> should be revised as new data becomeavailable. However, new quantitative evaluations should also be undertaken to determine therelative importance <strong>of</strong> different risk factors that could contribute to the initiation <strong>and</strong>perpetuation <strong>of</strong> botulism outbreaks.Carcass RemovalRemoving carcasses to prevent propagation <strong>of</strong> botulism outbreaks is a long-st<strong>and</strong>ing approach tomanaging avian botulism. However, to our knowledge, its effectiveness under field conditionshad not been investigated prior to this study.We demonstrated that carcass clean-up operations conducted during botulism outbreaks removed
iii[Anas acuta]). Impacts <strong>of</strong> botulism on population growth rates may be evaluated mosteffectively within a population modeling framework. The effects <strong>of</strong> botulism on continentalpopulations will depend not only on the mortality rates <strong>of</strong> exposed individuals, but also on theproportion <strong>of</strong> individuals in the population that are routinely exposed, <strong>and</strong> acquiring informationon the size <strong>of</strong> the population at risk will be essential.In addition, further work is needed to determine how spore <strong>and</strong> toxin production <strong>and</strong> potencyinteract to affect survival, <strong>and</strong> whether these factors may be managed to reduce occurrence orseverity <strong>of</strong> botulism outbreaks.
Page 1: Ecology an
Page 6 and 7: ivTABLE OF CONTENTSEXECUTIVE SUMMAR
Page 8 and 9: 2Research from the 1970s supported
Page 10 and 11: 4(Coburn and Quort
Page 12 and 13: 6could potentially serve as substra
Page 14 and 15: 8additional lakes and</stro
Page 16 and 17: 10challenge because management assu
Page 18 and 19: 12Rocke TE, Bollinger TK. 2007. <st
Page 20 and 21: 14Table 1. Names and</stron
Page 22 and 23: 16PART IEFFICACY OF CARCASS CLEAN-U
Page 24 and 25: 18Our objectives were to determine:
Page 26 and 27: 20marked carcasses potentially avai
Page 28 and 29: 22Intensive search studyOn 18 Augus
Page 30 and 31: 24if extrapolated to Whitewater Lak
Page 32 and 33: 26Table 1. Characteristics
Page 34 and 35: 28Table 3. Number of</stron
Page 36 and 37: 30Table 5. Estimates of</st
Page 38 and 39: Figure 2. Map of W
Page 40 and 41: Figure 4. Variation of</str
Page 42 and 43: 36PART IISURVIVAL OF RADIO-MARKED M
Page 44 and 45: 38two lakes were subjected to carca
Page 46 and 47: 40NecropsiesDead birds were include
Page 48 and 49: 42were right censored. One hundred
Page 50 and 51: 44design, possibly with a treatment
Page 52 and 53: 46Rocke TE, Bollinger TK. 2007. <st
Page 54 and 55:
48Table 2. Models used to assess ef
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50Table 4. Models used to evaluate
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52INTRODUCTIONMaggot-laden carcasse
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54among categories after creating a
Page 62 and 63:
56LITERATURE CITEDBurnham KP, Ander
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58Table 2. Candida
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60PART IVLATE-SUMMER SURVIVAL OF MA
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62In each year of
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64Recovery rate comparisons - 1999D
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66between the present study <strong
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68Table 1. Number of</stron
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70Table 3. Logistic analyses evalua
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72Table 5. Direct recovery rates <s
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741210ControlBotulism</stro
Page 82 and 83:
761614ControlBotulism</stro
Page 84 and 85:
78INTRODUCTIONAvian</strong
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80(GPS) receivers (eTrex Venture, e
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82mortality rate was calculated by
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84samples from FG carcasses collect
Page 92 and 93:
86outbreaks in waterfowl (Table 4;
Page 94 and 95:
88birds and toxic
Page 96 and 97:
90LITERATURE CITEDBall G, Bollinger
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92Williamson JL, Rocke TE, Aiken JM
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94Table 2. Species composition <str
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96Table 4. Estimates of</st
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98iiviiiii1 0 1 2 km1 0 1 21 0 1 21
Page 106 and 107:
100PART VIVARIABILITY OF TYPE C CLO
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102seasonal wetland</strong
Page 110 and 111:
104clinical signs of</stron
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106RESULTSThe proportion of
Page 114 and 115:
108sediments in basins of</
Page 116 and 117:
110Williamson JL, Rocke TE, Aiken J
Page 118 and 119:
112Chaplin, SK botulism 3/5 (60) 1/
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114Table 3. Annual and</str
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116MAIN CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDAT
Page 124 and 125:
Recommendation 8:The model
Page 126 and 127:
120APPENDIX 1AVIAN BOTULISM IN ALBE
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122July 15, 2002ISBN: 0-7785-0962-1
Page 130 and 131:
1242BackgroundMunro (1927) provides
Page 132 and 133:
1264SUMMARY OF ALBERTA BOTULISM OUT
Page 134 and 135:
128Moyles, D. 1989. Avian</
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13081) 1980 (Calverley 1980)Appendi
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1321010) 1990 (F&W files)LakeDetect
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134123 probable blue-green algal po
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136APPENDIX 2EXPOSURE OF MALLARD DU
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138Toxin was administered orally us
Page 146:
140LITERATURE CITEDCarmichael WW, B
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Ecology and Management of Avian Botulism on the Canadian Prairies

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