Ecology and Management of Avian Botulism on the Canadian Prairies

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ivTABLE OF CONTENTSEXECUTIVE SUMMARY..............................................................................................................iGENERAL INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................1PART I - EFFICACY OF CARCASS CLEAN-UP DURING AVIAN BOTULISMOUTBREAKS...............................................................................................................................16PART II - SURVIVAL OF RADIO-MARKED MALLARDS IN RELATION TOMANAGEMENT OF AVIAN BOTULISM.................................................................................36PART III - RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN LOCAL CARCASS DENSITY ANDSURVIVAL OF MOULTING MALLARDS DURING OUTBREAKS OF AVIANBOTULISM.................................................................................................................................. 51PART IV - LATE-SUMMER SURVIVAL OF MALLARDS EXPOSED TO AVIANBOTULISM: AN INVESTIGATION USING DIRECT BAND RECOVERYANALYSES.................................................................................................................................. 60PART V - IDENTIFICATION OF PRIMARY SUBSTRATE IN THE INITIATION OFAVIAN BOTULISM OUTBREAKS............................................................................................77PART VI - VARIABILITY OF TYPE C TYPE C CLOSTRIDIUN BOTULINUM TOXINPRODUCTION ON CANADIAN PRAIRIE LAKES: A PREDICTOR OFMALLARD SURVIVAL.............................................................................................................100MAIN CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS..........................................................116ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.........................................................................................................119APPENDIX 1 - AVIAN BOTULISM IN ALBERTA: A HISTORY.........................................120APPENDIX 2 - EXPOSURE OF MALLARD DUCKLINGS TO MICROCYSTIN-LR..........136
1GENERAL INTRODUCTIONType C Clostridium botulinum is a naturally occurring bacterium, which produces theneurotoxins that cause the paralytic disease known as botulism. <strong>Botulism</strong> results in significantmortality in North American birds (Hunter et al. 1970; Smith 1976; Samuel 1992) <strong>and</strong> hasresulted in die-<strong>of</strong>fs (see below) <strong>of</strong> hundreds <strong>of</strong> thous<strong>and</strong>s <strong>of</strong> waterbirds on a single wetl<strong>and</strong>, in asingle season (Rocke <strong>and</strong> Bollinger 2007).There is evidence thatbotulism has occurred inNorth America for almost100 years, <strong>and</strong> that it recursevery year. <strong>Botulism</strong> hasbeen reported on severallakes in Prairie Canada(Figure 1; Table 1; seeAppendix 1 regardingAlberta), includingsignificant outbreaks in the1990s. These outbreaksraised serious concernsbecause avian breedingsuccess <strong>and</strong> mortality in thisregion has significantimpacts on waterfowl <strong>and</strong>other migratory birds at acontinental scale.The outbreaks <strong>of</strong> the 1990sraised questions, not onlyabout the impact <strong>of</strong>botulism on waterfowlpopulations, but also aboutthe potential impacts <strong>of</strong> thedisease on programsdesigned to conservewaterfowl <strong>and</strong> theirhabitats. The public beganto question organizationalcommitment to waterfowlmanagement within Canadaif conservation agenciescould allow such mortality to occur. At the same time, organizations involved in botulismmanagement started to question the efficacy <strong>of</strong> traditional management techniques, <strong>and</strong>expressed concern over the apparent lack <strong>of</strong> options for dealing with disease outbreaks.
Page 1: Ecology an
Page 4 and 5: iiThe model of bot
Page 8 and 9: 2Research from the 1970s supported
Page 10 and 11: 4(Coburn and Quort
Page 12 and 13: 6could potentially serve as substra
Page 14 and 15: 8additional lakes and</stro
Page 16 and 17: 10challenge because management assu
Page 18 and 19: 12Rocke TE, Bollinger TK. 2007. <st
Page 20 and 21: 14Table 1. Names and</stron
Page 22 and 23: 16PART IEFFICACY OF CARCASS CLEAN-U
Page 24 and 25: 18Our objectives were to determine:
Page 26 and 27: 20marked carcasses potentially avai
Page 28 and 29: 22Intensive search studyOn 18 Augus
Page 30 and 31: 24if extrapolated to Whitewater Lak
Page 32 and 33: 26Table 1. Characteristics
Page 34 and 35: 28Table 3. Number of</stron
Page 36 and 37: 30Table 5. Estimates of</st
Page 38 and 39: Figure 2. Map of W
Page 40 and 41: Figure 4. Variation of</str
Page 42 and 43: 36PART IISURVIVAL OF RADIO-MARKED M
Page 44 and 45: 38two lakes were subjected to carca
Page 46 and 47: 40NecropsiesDead birds were include
Page 48 and 49: 42were right censored. One hundred
Page 50 and 51: 44design, possibly with a treatment
Page 52 and 53: 46Rocke TE, Bollinger TK. 2007. <st
Page 54 and 55: 48Table 2. Models used to assess ef
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50Table 4. Models used to evaluate
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52INTRODUCTIONMaggot-laden carcasse
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54among categories after creating a
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56LITERATURE CITEDBurnham KP, Ander
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58Table 2. Candida
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60PART IVLATE-SUMMER SURVIVAL OF MA
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62In each year of
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64Recovery rate comparisons - 1999D
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66between the present study <strong
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68Table 1. Number of</stron
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70Table 3. Logistic analyses evalua
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72Table 5. Direct recovery rates <s
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741210ControlBotulism</stro
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761614ControlBotulism</stro
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78INTRODUCTIONAvian</strong
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80(GPS) receivers (eTrex Venture, e
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82mortality rate was calculated by
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84samples from FG carcasses collect
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86outbreaks in waterfowl (Table 4;
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88birds and toxic
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90LITERATURE CITEDBall G, Bollinger
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92Williamson JL, Rocke TE, Aiken JM
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94Table 2. Species composition <str
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96Table 4. Estimates of</st
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98iiviiiii1 0 1 2 km1 0 1 21 0 1 21
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100PART VIVARIABILITY OF TYPE C CLO
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102seasonal wetland</strong
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104clinical signs of</stron
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106RESULTSThe proportion of
Page 114 and 115:
108sediments in basins of</
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110Williamson JL, Rocke TE, Aiken J
Page 118 and 119:
112Chaplin, SK botulism 3/5 (60) 1/
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114Table 3. Annual and</str
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116MAIN CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDAT
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Recommendation 8:The model
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120APPENDIX 1AVIAN BOTULISM IN ALBE
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122July 15, 2002ISBN: 0-7785-0962-1
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1242BackgroundMunro (1927) provides
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1264SUMMARY OF ALBERTA BOTULISM OUT
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128Moyles, D. 1989. Avian</
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13081) 1980 (Calverley 1980)Appendi
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1321010) 1990 (F&W files)LakeDetect
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134123 probable blue-green algal po
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136APPENDIX 2EXPOSURE OF MALLARD DU
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138Toxin was administered orally us
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140LITERATURE CITEDCarmichael WW, B
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Ecology and Management of Avian Botulism on the Canadian Prairies

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