The Hidden Gulag - US Committee for Human Rights in North Korea

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The Hidden Gulag Second EditionKorean 고문 공개형 영아살해 강제낙태 연좌제Chinese 拷問公開死刑嬰兒殺害强制落胎緣坐制ColloquialKoreanPhoneticRomanizationko-mun kong-gae-sahyeongyeong-a-salhaekang-je-naktaeyeon-jwa-jegomunLiteral English torture public executionDescriptiveEnglishtorturepublic executionkillingbabiesinfanticideFormal KoreanRomanizationgonggaesahyeongyeongasalhaegangjaenaktaeforced abortioninvoluntaryabortionyeonjwajeassociationsystemguilt by associationKorean 도강자 비법월경자Chinese 渡江者非法越境者Colloquial Korean Phonetic to-kang-japi-bup-wol-kyoung-jaRomanizationFormal Korean Romanization dogangja bibupwolgyoungjaLiteral English river crosser illegal border crosserDescriptive Englishperson who left the countrythrough crossing ariver at the borderperson who left the country byborder crossing24
The Hidden Gulag Second EditionPART TWOTHE KWAN-LI-SO POLITICALPENAL-LABOR COLONIESArbitrary Detention and Forced Labor:Generations Imprisoned Without Trialand EnslavedThe Prisoners: Who They AreThe kwan-li-so labor camps are the incommunicadorepositories for those North Korean citizenswho have been cleansed or purged and deportedto areas of North Korea “outside the protectionof the law” because of their perceived counterrevolutionaryattitudes or associations. They aredeemed to be social, political, economic or ideologicaldeviants who do not fit into or who posea risk to what the North Koreans themselvesterm the “Kim Il-sung nation.”The presumed political, ideological, and sociologicaldeviants deported to and imprisonedin the labor camps include persons suspectedof wrong-doing, wrong-thinking, wrong-knowledge,wrong-association, or wrong-class-background. Thisreport provides the stories and testimonies ofreal persons subjected to severe punishment forthis catalogue of perceived wrongs—“crimesthat are not really crimes” in the words of oneformer prisoner.• Imagined or perceived wrong-doing can includebeing on the “wrong” or losing side of a bureaucratic,factional, or political dispute within theKorean Workers’ Party, skipping too many ofthe compulsory ideological education classes allNorth Koreans are required to attend, defacingor failing to take adequate care of photographicimages of Kim Il-sung, complaining aboutconditions, expressing criticism of regime policies,or leaving the country without permission,and in particular, meeting South Koreans whileoutside North Korea.• Imagined or perceived wrong-thinking includesexpressing or supporting ideas at variance withthe official ideology. At times this could havebeen belief or evidence of belief in ProtestantChristianity. At other times wrong-thinkers wereorthodox Marxists who thought that “jucheideology” or dynastic succession within KimIl-sung’s family was contrary to the spirit andtenets of Marxism-Leninism.• An example of wrong-knowledge includes thesituation of North Korean students or diplomatswho had been studying or posted in EasternEurope in the late 1980s during the collapse ofsocialism, and who were recalled to the DPRKonly to be immediately dispatched to laborcamps to prevent their knowledge of the collapseof state socialism in North Korea’s allies fromspreading to the North Korean population. Anearlier example of wrong-knowledge was theexposure to and knowledge about capitalist prosperity,democracy and civil liberties in Japan byethnic Koreans who “repatriated” to the DPRKin the 1960s to build socialism in the Koreanfatherland, but found Kim Il-sung’s version oftotalitarian socialism not what they had imagined. 23• Wrong-association is being part of a familywhose husband, father or grandfather had collaboratedwith the Japanese occupation of Korea,or who was a Presbyterian elder or deacon, or23 Substantial numbers of the ethnic Koreans who emigrated tothe DPRK from Japan ended up in their own sub-sections of thelabor camps.25
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The Hidden Gulag - US Committee for Human Rights in North Korea

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