计 算 机 组 织 与 系 统 结 构
æå°ç - å京大å¦å¾®å¤çå¨ç 究å¼åä¸å¿
æå°ç - å京大å¦å¾®å¤çå¨ç 究å¼åä¸å¿
- No tags were found...
Create successful ePaper yourself
Turn your PDF publications into a flip-book with our unique Google optimized e-Paper software.
More Instruction Formats<br />
Zero address formats: operands on a stack<br />
add<br />
load<br />
M[sp-1] ← M[sp] + M[sp-1]<br />
M[sp] ← M[M[sp]]<br />
Register<br />
SP<br />
Stack can be in registers or in memory (usually top of stack<br />
cached in registers)<br />
One address formats: Accumulator machines<br />
Accumulator is always other implicit operand<br />
A<br />
B<br />
C<br />
Many different formats are possible!<br />
Data Formats and Memory Addresses<br />
Data formats:<br />
Bytes, Half words, words and double words<br />
Some issues<br />
• Byte addressing<br />
g<br />
Most Significant<br />
Byte<br />
Big Endian 0 1 2 3<br />
vs. Little Endian 3 2 1 0<br />
• Word alignment<br />
Suppose the memory is organized in 32-bit words.<br />
Can a word address begin only at 0, 4, 8, .... ?<br />
Least Significant<br />
Byte<br />
Byte Addresses<br />
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7<br />
北 京 大 学 <strong>计</strong> <strong>算</strong> <strong>机</strong> 科 学 技 术 <strong>系</strong><br />
北 京 大 学 微 处 理 器 研 究 开 发 中 心<br />
北 京 大 学 <strong>计</strong> <strong>算</strong> <strong>机</strong> 科 学 技 术 <strong>系</strong><br />
北 京 大 学 微 处 理 器 研 究 开 发 中 心<br />
Software Developments<br />
Compatibility Problem at IBM<br />
up to 1955 Libraries of numerical routines<br />
- Floating point operations<br />
- Transcendental functions<br />
- Matrix manipulation, equation solvers, . . .<br />
1955-60 High level Languages - Fortran 1956<br />
Operating Systems -<br />
- Assemblers, Loaders, Linkers, Compilers<br />
- Accounting programs to keep track of<br />
usage and charges<br />
Machines required experienced operators<br />
⇒<br />
⇒<br />
北 京 大 学 <strong>计</strong> <strong>算</strong> <strong>机</strong> 科 学 技 术 <strong>系</strong><br />
Most users could not be expected to understand<br />
d<br />
these programs, much less write them<br />
Machines had to be sold with a lot of resident<br />
software<br />
北 京 大 学 微 处 理 器 研 究 开 发 中 心<br />
<br />
By early 60’s, IBM had 4 incompatible lines of<br />
computers!<br />
701 → 7094<br />
650 → 7074<br />
702 → 7080<br />
1401 → 7010<br />
Each system had its own<br />
• Instruction set<br />
• I/O system and Secondary Storage:<br />
magnetic tapes, drums and disks<br />
• assemblers, compilers, libraries,...<br />
• market niche<br />
business, scientific, real time, ...<br />
北 京 大 学 <strong>计</strong> <strong>算</strong> <strong>机</strong> 科 学 技 术 <strong>系</strong><br />
⇒ IBM 360<br />
北 京 大 学 微 处 理 器 研 究 开 发 中 心
Change language