计算机组织与系统结构

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十七世纪 计 算 技术 1642 年 , Pascal Machine •Mechanical M h i l Counter for addition and subtraction ti Pascal’s Calculator -- Pascalene(1642) •Counter Wheels for storing decimal numbers •Used as registers •One Register acted as Accumulator •Technical Innovations: •Automatic A t ti transfer of fCarry •Use of Complement Representation for negative numbers 北京大学 计 算 机 科学技术 系 北京大学微处理器研究开发中心北京大学 计 算 机 科学技术 系 北京大学微处理器研究开发中心 1671 年 , Gottfried Leibniz 十七世纪 计 算 技术 A Calculator that could perform multiplication and division as well as addition and subtraction Started with Pascal Calculator Added two additional sets of wheels that could perform multiplications and division by repetitive addition or subtraction Used Chains and Pulleys 北京大学 计 算 机 科学技术 系 北京大学微处理器研究开发中心十八世纪和十九世纪 计 算 技术 • 1750 Mechanical Weaving Technology • Jacquard Loom(1801) • Punched card for manual instruction first • Used mechanically in Jacquard Loom • Holes in the punched cards used for the control of the movement of parts of the loom • the first programmable process control machine • Operation under program control 北京大学 计 算 机 科学技术 系 北京大学微处理器研究开发中心
Jacquard Loom(1801) 北京大学 计 算 机 科学技术 系 北京大学微处理器研究开发中心十九世纪二十年代 Charles Babbage Difference Engine Designed to calculate the entries of a table automatically and transfer them via steel punches to an engraver’s plate • Could perform only addition and subtraction • Using Finite Difference methods a large number of functions could be calculated •Polynomials •Trigonometric Functions • Used a number of mechanical registers • Driven by steam engine to CRANK OUT the results • 3rd degree polynomials and 15 digit numbers • Automatic mulistep operations 北京大学 计 算 机 科学技术 系 北京大学微处理器研究开发中心 Charles Babbage 1791-1871 Lucasian Professor of Mathematics, Cambridge University, 1827-1839 Charles Babbage Difference Engine 1823 Analytic Engine 1833 The forerunner of modern digital computer! Application – Mathematical Tables – Astronomy – Nautical Tables – Navy Background – Any continuous function can be approximated by a polynomial --- Weierstrass Technology – mechanical - gears, Jacquard’s loom, simple calculators l 北京大学 计 算 机 科学技术 系 北京大学微处理器研究开发中心北京大学 计 算 机 科学技术 系 北京大学微处理器研究开发中心
Page 1: 计算机组织与系统结
Page 5 and 6: Babbage’s Difference Engine 2 and
Page 7 and 8: 二十世纪前叶计算技
Page 9 and 10: Colossus-Mark I (1943) IBM /Harvard
Page 11 and 12: 第一台通用电子计算
Page 13 and 14: Pulse Diagram ENICA: Electronic Num
Page 15 and 16: 第一台全面的、可操
Page 17 and 18: Harvard Architecture ASCC-Reader(19
Page 19 and 20: 1952 年 ,IBM 公司推出了
Page 21 and 22: 1956 年 ;Ferranti 有限公司
Page 23 and 24: Field Effect Transistor (Lucent) 19
Page 25 and 26: IBM 7090 Console 1961 The work on i
Page 27 and 28: Using Index Registers C i ← A i +
Page 29 and 30: Third Generation • Use of Integra
Page 31 and 32: Stack Operations and Implicit Memor
Page 33 and 34: IBM 360 IBM 360: A General-Purpose
Page 35 and 36: 为了向用户提供低价
Page 37 and 38: CDC 6600 Cordwood module CDC 6600 1
Page 39 and 40: 计算机普及高级语言
Page 41 and 42: 如何减小高级语言和
Page 43 and 44: 在许多人试图用堆栈
Page 45 and 46: 八十年代末 , 人们开
Page 47 and 48: 同构 CMP—IBM POWER4 IBM POWER4
Page 49 and 50: IBM SP-1 IBM SP-2(1993): RS/6000 Mo
Page 52:
Sony Playstation 2000 人人都
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计算机组织与系统结构