A-dictionary-of-greek-and-roman-antiquities-william-smith

MAUSOLEUM. MEDICIXA. 745
Veconcilinf? the discrepancy between the total and and are now deposited in the British Museum,
partial heights), which pteron was surmounted by under the name of the Budrum Marbles. They
the pyramid ; the sculptures were of course on the
frieze of the order. The other apparent discre
pancy between the lengths of the sides and fronts
and the total circuit of the building can only
be satisfactorily explained by supposing that it
stood within an enclosure, or upon a platform of
the larger dimensions, namely, 440 feet in peri
meter. When we come to the details of the
arrangement of the parts, we find most writers
giving the simple explanation, which most readers
of Pliny would probably adopt at first sight, that
the 36 columns, of which Pliny speaks, formed a
single peristyle all round the building. (See, for
example, the restoration in Hirt's Geech. d. liauhtnst,
Pi. x. fig. 14, PI. xxx. fig. 14.) To this
view there are very formidable objections ; and
another, which has not only the merit of being
exceedingly ingenious, but the authority of a
most accomplished architect, is proposed by Mr.
Cockerell, in Mr. Newton's Essay. Taking on
the one hand Pliny's 63 feet as the length of the
longer side of the peristyle^ and on the other hand,
calculating the dimensions of the order from the
existing fragments of the frieze (which, in the
case of a work of that period of Greek art, an
architect can do with as much certainty as that
with which Professor Owen can construct a dinornis
from a single thigh-bone), Mr. Cockerell
arrives at the conclusion that the 36 pillars were
arranged, in a single row of six columns on each
front, and in a double row of eight on each side,
at intercolumniations of 6 feet 8 inches, around a
long narrow cella^ corresponding in length to six
of the columns of the peristyle, and in width to
two. (See the plan and elevation in the Classical
Museum ^ L c.)
The researches of the latest travellers furnish a
strong hope that good elements for reconstructing
the plan of the Mausoleum may be found among
the fragments of columns which are scattered about
the city of Budrum^ and worked into its walls.
The building was still standing in the latter
part of the fourth century after Christ (Gregor.
Naz. Epigr. cxviii.), and even as late as the tenth ;
but it shared at length, with Halicamassus itself^ in
the almost total destruction which fell upon the cities
of Asia Minor. For its subsequent history, the
question of its site, and the chain of evidence
which proves that the marbles now in the British
Museum are the very reliefs with which Scopas
and his rivals adorned the sepulchre of Mausolus,
the reader is referred to the very interesting ac
count of these matters given in Mr. Newton's
Essay. All that can here be stated is, that when
the knights of Rhodes built the citadel of Hali
camassus (Budrum), in the fifteenth century, or
more probably when they strengthened its for
tifications in 1522, they used materials obtained
from the ruins of the Mausoleum, and, among the
rest, they worked into the inner wall of their for
tress some of the sculptured slabs which had formed
its frieze. Various travellers, from Thevenot to the
present time, have described these marbles, of
which there is a sketch in the Ionian Antiquities
of the Dillcttanti Society (vol. ii. Supp. PI. ii.).
At length our ambassador at Constantinople, Sir
Stratford Canning, obtained the permission of the
Porte for their removal, and in February, 1846,
they were taken down and conveyed to England,
consist of thirteen slabs, of the uniform height of
3 feet including the mouldings, or 2 feet 5£ inches
without them, and varying in length from 2 feet
8 inches to 6 feet 1 1 inches. Their total length is
64 feet 1 1 inches, which is nearly the same as
that of each longer side of the building ; but
they are evidently from different faces of it, as
they cannot all be arranged in one continuous
composition, though some of them are continuous,
and they show traces of the hands of various
artists. Their subject is the battle of Greek
warriors with Amazons, which was as favourite
a myth in Ionia and Caria as it was in Attica.
Their style is considered by competent judges
to be inferior to what we might have expected
from artists of the school of Scopas and Prax
iteles ; but their close resemblance to another
bas-relief of the same school, that of the choragic
monument of Lysicrates, is admitted ; and the
points in which they are alleged to be deficient
are just those in which we recognise the inferiority
of the later Attic school to the perfect art of
Pheidias. The suggestion of Mr. Newton, that
accident may have preserved to us, out of the
whole frieze, the inferior works of Bryaxis, Leochares,
and Timotheus, and not the better produc
tions of Scopas or Praxiteles, is not only inconsistent,
as he himself remarks, with Pliny's statement that
the sculptures were regarded as of equal merit ;
but also, it is one of those gratuitous suppositions
made to escape from a difficulty, which cannot be
admitted without some positive proof.
In the Roman Mausolea the form chiefly em
ployed was that of a succession of terraces in
imitation of the rogus. Of these the most celebrated
were those of Augustus and of Hadrian ; the latter
of which, stripped of its ornaments, still forms the
fortress of modern Rome (the Castle of S. Angclo);
but of the other, which was on a still larger scale,
and which was considered as one of the most
magnificent buildings of Augustus, there are only
some insignificant ruins. (Strabo, v. p. 23G ; Suet.
Aug. 100 ; Nardini, Roma Antica, vol. iii. p. 75,
ed. Nibby ; Hirt, Lehre d. Geb'dude, pp. 349—■
351, and restoration of the monuments in PI. xxx,
fig. 21,23.)
[P.S.J
MAZO'NOMUS (fM{ov6post dim. fia(ov6fxtov,
Athen. v. 30, 34 ), from fid(at a loaf, or a cake ;
properly a dish for distributing bread : but the
term is applied also to any large dish used for
bringing meat to table. (Varro, de Re Rust. iii. 4.)
These dishes were made either of wood (Pollux,
vii. 87), of bronze (Athen. iv. 31), or of gold
(Athen. v. 27).
[J.Y.J
MEDIASTI'NI, the name given to slaves, used
for any common purpose, and arc said by the
Scholiast upon Horace (Ep. L 14. 14) to be those
** qui in medio stant ad quae vis imperata paratL1*
The name is chiefly given to certain slaves belong
ing to the familia rustica (Cic. Cat. ii. 3 ; Col urn.
i. 9, ii. 13), but it is also applied sometimes to
slaves in the city. (Dig. 4. tit. 9. s. 1. § 5, 7. tit.
7. s. 6.)
MEDICI'NA (larptK-h\ the name of that
science which, as Celsus says {de Medic, lib. i.
Praefat.), u Sanitatem aegris prom it tit," and whose
object Hippocrates defines {de Arte, vol. i. p. 7,
ed. Kiihn) to be " the delivering sick persons from
their disease, and the diminishing the force oi