A-dictionary-of-greek-and-roman-antiquities-william-smith

P1ST0R. PLAGIUM. 921
fercnce consisted In like manner it is hy no
means clear in what respects the Causia differed
from the petisus, although they are distinctly op
posed to one another hy a writer in Athenaeus
(xii. p. 537, e). Moreover in the later Greek au
thors we find irlAor used to denote a hat of other
materials besides felt. (Athen. vi. p. 274.)
On the use of felt in covering the feet see Udo.
Felt was likewise used for the lining of helmets,
fGalba.J For further illustrations of this subject,
see Yates's Tettrinum Antiquarian, P.I. Appen
dix B.
[J. Y.J
PILI'CREPUS. [Pila.]
PILUM. [Hasta.]
PINACOTHE'CA (irfroi, $rl,Kn), a picturegallery.
Marcellus, after the capture of Syracuse,
first displayed the works of Greek painters and
sculptors to his countrymen, whose taste for the fine
arts was gradually matured by the conquests of L.
Scipio, Flamininus, and L. Paullus, and grew into
a passion after the spoils of Achaia had been trans
ported by Mummius to Rome. Objects of this
description were at first employed exclusively for
the decoration of temples and places of public resort,
but private collections were soon formed ; and towards
the close of the republic we find that in the
houses of the more opulent a room was devoted to
the reception of paintings and statues. (Varro,
R. R. i. 2. 59 ; Cic in Verr. i. 21.) In the
time of Augustus, Vitruvius includes the pinacotheca
among the ordinary apartments of a complete
mansion, and gives directions that it should be of
ample size and facing the north, in order that the
light might be equable and not too strong. (Vitruv.
i. 2, vi. 5. 7 ; compare Plin. //. N. xxxv. 2. 7.
1 1 ; Mazois, Lt Palais dc Scaurus, cap. ix. ;
Becker, Gallia, vol. i. p. 92.) [W. R.]
PISCATO'RII LUDI. [Ludi Piscatoril]
PISCI'NA, properly a fish-pond, cither of salt
water or of fresh (see the passages in Forcellini
and Freund) denotes also any kind of reservoir,
especially those connected with the aqueducts and
the baths. (Aquaeductus,p. 114, a ; Balneae,
pp. 189, b., 19. a.) [P. S.]
PIST1LLUM. [Mortarium.]
PISTOR (aprmoi6s), a baker, from pimere to
pound, since corn was pounded in mortars be
fore the invention of mills. [Mola.] At Rome
bread was originally made at home by the women
of the house ; and there were no persons at Rome
who made baking a trade, or any slaves specially
kept for this purpose in private houses, till B. c.
173. (Plin. H. N. xviii. 11. s.28.) In Varro's
time, however, good bakers were highly prized,
and great sums were paid for slaves who excelled
in this art. (Gell. xv. 19.) The name was not
confined to those who made bread only, but was
also given to pastry-cooks and confectioners, in
which case however they were usually called
pistons dtdciarii or candidarii. (Mart. xiv. 222 ;
Orelli, Inscr. n. 4263.) The bakers at Rome, like
most other tradespeople, formed a collegium. (Dig.
3. tit. 4. s. 1 ; 27. tit. 1. s. 46.)
Bread was often baked in moulds called arioptm,
and the loaves thus baked were termed artopticii.
(Plin. //. N. xviii. 11. s. 27, 28 ; Plant. Aulul. ii.
9. 4.) In one of the bakehouses discovered at
Pompeii, several loaves have been found apparently
baked in moulds, which may therefore be regarded
as artopticii ; they are represented below. They
are flat and about eight inches in diameter.
Bread was not generally made at home at
Athens, but was sold in the market place chiefly
by women, called OfironuKiSts. (Compare Aristoph.
Vesp. 1389, &c.) These women seem to have
been what the fish-women of London are at pre
sent ; they excelled in abuse, whence Aristophanes
(Ran. 856) says, KoiSopeiaOai 8>tnr*p aprovuMias.
(Becker, CharikUs, vol. i. p. 284.)
PISTRI'NUM. [Mola ; Mortarium.]
PLAGA. [Rete.]
PLAGIA'RIUS. [Plagium.]
PLA'GIUM. This offence was the subject of
a Fabia Lex, which is mentioned by Cicero (Pro
Ralnrio, c. 3), and is assigned to the consulship of
Quintus Fabius and M. Claudius Marcellus, a c.
183 ; but without sufficient reason. The chief
provisions of the Lex are collected from the Digest
(48. tit 15. s. 6) : "if a freeman concealed, kept
confined, or knowingly with dolus malus purchased
an ingenuus or libertinus against his will, or par
ticipated in any such acts ; or if he persuaded
another person's male or female slave to run away
from a master or mistress, or without the consent
or knowledge of the master or mistress concealed,
kept confined, or purchased knowingly with dolus
malus such male or female slave, or participated in
any such acts, he was liable to the penalties of tho
Lex Fabia." The penalty of the Lex was pecu
niary, and the consequence was Infamia ; but this
fell into disuse, and persons who offended against
the lex were punished, either by being sent to
work in the mines or by crucifixion, if they were
humiliores, or with confiscation of half of their
property or perpetual relegation, if they were
honestiorcs. The crime of kidnapping men became
a common practice and required vigilant pursuit
(Suetonius, Octavian. c. 32). A Senatusconsultuin
ad Legem Fabiain did not allow a master to give
or sell a runaway slave, which was technically
called "fugam vendere;" but the provision did
not apply to a slave who was merely absent, nor
to the case of a runaway slave when the master
had commissioned any one to go after him and
sell him : it was the object of the provision to en
courage the recovery of runaway slaves. The name
of the Scnatusconsultum, by which the Lex Fabia
was amended, does not appear. The word Plagium
is said to come from the Greek jrAiyioi, oblique,
indirect, dolosus. But this is doubtful. Schrader
(Inst. 4. tit. 18. § 10) thinks that the derivation
from plaga (a net) is more probable. He who
committed plagium was plagiarius, a word which
Martial (Ep. i. 53) applies to a person who falsely
gave himself out as the author of a book ; and in
this sense the word has come into common use in
our language. (Dig. 48. tit 15 ; Cod. 9. tit 21) ;
Paulus, 5. R. i. tit 6 A. ; Rein, Das CriminalraJd
dor Rumcr, p. 386.)
[G. L.]