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1. Dive Fatalities 35 Number of Fatalities 30 25 20 15 10 2010 2011 2012 2013 5 0 Surface pre-dive Underwater Surface post-dive Out of water Position Where Deceased Lost Consciousness Figure 1.7.1-1 Phase of the fatal dive when the deceased lost consciousness, 2010-2013, (n=156) 1.7.2 Causes of injuries and deaths Determination of the causes was based on: a) autopsy findings and the underlying cause of death reported by the medical examiner; b) dive profile; c) reported sequence of events; d) equipment and gas analysis findings and e) expert opinion of DAN reviewers. The process is described in further detail in a published paper. 3 Root causes, mechanisms of injuries and causes of death were not established in a large number of cases mostly because of missing information and inconclusive investigation. Eleven case files (3%) were not included in this analysis because information from external bodies had not yet been received. Based on the available data and where triggers were identified (n=126), the most common known triggers were underlying health problems (15%) or running out of breathing gas (14%) (Table 1.7.2-1). Table 1.7.2-1 Common triggers by year and overall, 2010-2013 (n=323) Trigger 2010 2011 2012 2013 Total Unknown 10 73 51 63 197 Health problem 19 0 0 0 19 Breathing gas management 6 9 3 0 18 Equipment 7 4 3 2 16 Entrapment 1 1 5 4 11 Weather/Environmental factor 4 2 4 1 11 Entanglement 3 2 5 0 10 Rapid ascent 10 0 0 0 10 Panic 2 0 2 1 5 Inappropriate breathing gas 0 1 1 2 4 Other 4 0 0 0 4 22 Annual Diving Report – 2012-2015 Edition
1. Dive Fatalities Table 1.7.2-1 (cont.) Common triggers by year and overall, 2010-2013 (n=323) Trigger 2010 2011 2012 2013 Total Exertion while swimming 0 1 3 0 4 Alcohol 0 0 1 2 3 Cardiac event 1 0 2 0 3 Ear squeeze 0 0 1 1 2 Inexperience 0 2 0 0 2 Buoyancy problem 1 0 0 0 1 Instructor pressed regulator purge 0 1 0 0 1 Omitted decompression 0 1 0 0 1 Water aspiration at surface post dive 0 1 0 0 1 Total 68 98 81 76 323 The most common known mechanisms leading to injury, among those identified (n=97), were rapid ascent (31%), running out of gas (31%) or panic (30%) (Table 1.7.2-2). Together, these three mechanisms accounted for two thirds of all identified events that led to injury. Table 1.7.2-2 Harmful events by year and overall, 2010-2013 (n=323) Mechanism 2010 2011 2012 2013 Total Unknown 12 73 50 60 195 Other 29 0 2 0 31 Rapid ascent 19 6 4 1 30 Out of gas 5 8 6 10 29 Panic 0 2 5 0 7 Oxygen toxicity 0 1 2 1 4 Breathing gas contamination 0 2 1 0 3 Hypertension/cardiovascular disease 0 0 4 0 4 Weight not dropped 0 0 1 1 2 Equipment 0 1 1 0 2 Alcohol intoxication 0 0 1 1 2 Asphyxia 1 0 1 0 2 Exertion/exhaustion 0 0 1 1 2 Inhalation of water 1 1 0 0 2 Entangled 0 1 0 0 1 Ascent from deep dive 0 1 0 0 1 Deep dive 0 1 0 0 1 Marine life attack 0 1 0 0 1 Possible breath hold ascent 0 0 0 1 1 Struck head 0 0 1 0 1 Buoyancy 1 0 0 0 1 Water movement 0 0 1 0 1 Total 68 98 81 76 323 Annual Diving Report – 2012-2015 Edition 23
Page 1 and 2: A N N U A L DIVING R E P O R T 2012
Page 3 and 4: Annual Diving Report 2012-2015 Edit
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3. Diving Incident Reporting System
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4. Breath-hold Dive Incidents Secti
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4. Breath-hold Dive Incidents Numbe
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4. Breath-hold Dive Incidents can r
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4. Breath-hold Dive Incidents It is
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4. Breath-hold Dive Incidents There
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Appendix A. Breath-hold Incident Ca
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Appendix A. Breath-hold Incident Ca
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Appendix B. Diving Related Fataliti
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Appendix C. Asia-Pacific Diving Dea
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Appendix D - Japanese Diving Certif
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Appendix D - Japanese Diving Table
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Appendix E. DAN Classification of H
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Appendix E. DAN Classification of H
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Appendix F. Glossary Arterial Gas E
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Appendix F. Glossary ness, paralysi
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Appendix F. Glossary typically in a
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Appendix F. Glossary Mixed-Gas Any
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Appendix F. Glossary Rebreather Sel
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Appendix F. Glossary Type I DCS (DC
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