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1. Dive Fatalities It can be seen that the leading causes of death over these four years, where known, were closely tied to the leading disabling injuries that led to each death. The great majority involved drowning, cardiovascular disease, arterial gas embolism, or immersion pulmonary edema. After these both the causes of death and disabling injuries were prevalent in only single figures though, of course, many causes of death remain unknown. Even so, preventive interventions have four clear targets if they are to make the greatest difference. Table 1.7.2-3 Disabling injuries by year and overall, 2010-2013 (n=323) Disabling Injury 2010 2011 2012 2013 Total Unknown 15 38 39 48 140 Cardiovascular disease 13 25 16 8 62 Drowning 14 15 13 13 55 Arterial gas embolism 19 4 4 2 29 Immersion pulmonary edema 0 6 2 2 10 Loss of consciousness 1 3 1 3 8 Decompression sickness 0 3 1 0 4 Other 4 0 0 0 4 Seizure 0 1 2 0 3 Alcohol intoxication 0 1 1 0 2 Carbon monoxide poisoning 0 0 1 0 1 Lung overexpansion 0 0 1 0 1 Water aspiration 0 1 0 0 1 Asphyxia 1 0 0 0 1 Hypoxia 1 0 0 0 1 Shark bite 0 1 0 0 1 Total 68 97 81 76 323 Table 1.7.2-4 Causes of death by year and overall, 2010-2013 (n=323) Cause of death 2010 2011 2012 2013 Total Drowning 36 26 28 21 111 Unknown 9 28 31 42 110 Cardiovascular disease 5 23 13 8 49 Arterial gas embolism 14 4 2 2 22 Immersion pulmonary edema 1 7 2 2 12 Decompression sickness 1 4 1 0 6 Unspecified, body not recovered 0 4 1 0 5 Myocaridal infarction 1 0 1 0 2 Carbon monoxide poisoning 0 1 1 0 2 Anoxic brain injury 1 0 0 0 1 Gunshot wound to the head 0 0 0 1 1 Pulmonary barotrauma 0 0 1 0 1 Shark bite 0 1 0 0 1 Total 68 98 81 76 323 24 Annual Diving Report – 2012-2015 Edition
1. Dive Fatalities Plotting the leading causes of death and disabling injuries, where known, we are able to identify clear targets for injury prevention initiatives (Figure 1.7.2-1). Drowning remains the most common cause of death but falls to second place behind cardiovascular disease as the leading disabling injury. The diving community is aging steadily as those of us who learned to dive some decades ago continue to dive, and as the average age of newly certified divers has also increased since the early days of recreational scuba. With these changes comes an increased prevalence of health problems, with cardiovascular problems leading. Attaining and maintaining adequate fitness for diving should be the goal of every diver. Survival from acute cardiac events will always be lower among divers in the water compared with people on land, simply because the circumstances are less forgiving. That is why divers should pay extra attention to health and fitness, to counterbalance the added hazards associated with the environment we dive in. 120 Number of Fatalities 100 80 60 40 20 Cause of Death Disabling Injury 0 Drowning Cardiovascular disease Arterial gas embolism Immersion pulmonary edema Decompression sickness Cause of Death / Disabling Injury Figure 1.7.2-1. Distribution of disabling injuries (n=200) 1.8 Fatalities involving harvesting and spearfishing Hunter/Harvesters Recreational harvesting may be defined as catching marine animals such as lobster, abalone or fish for personal use while diving within recreational diving limits. Harvesting marine animals for personal use is popular in Canada and the USA among mainly male recreational divers. Legal harvesting occurs within designated locations and at specified times of the year. In Florida there is a ‘sport season’ which lasts just two days, ahead of the regular season, which lasts eight months. There were 28 male recreational diver hunting fatalities in Canada and the US during 2010-2013. To identify characteristics specific to hunting we compared these hunters with a control sample of 105 non-hunter male recreational diving fatalities from the same period. Non-recreational divers and trainees were excluded from this sample, as were divers in freshwater lakes, quarries and dive parks. Divers engaged in harvesting (hunters, n=28, 21%) were compared with non-hunters (n=105, 79%). Of the 133 fatalities, 15 (11%) were in Canada and 118 (89%) the US. Florida (n=39, 33%) and California (n=31, 26%) accounted for the majority of fatalities (n=70, 59%). There was a mean of seven hunting fatalities per year (Table 1.8-1). Annual Diving Report – 2012-2015 Edition 25
Page 1 and 2: A N N U A L DIVING R E P O R T 2012
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Appendix A. Breath-hold Incident Ca
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Appendix A. Breath-hold Incident Ca
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Appendix B. Diving Related Fataliti
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Appendix C. Asia-Pacific Diving Dea
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Appendix D - Japanese Diving Certif
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Appendix D - Japanese Diving Table
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Appendix E. DAN Classification of H
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Appendix E. DAN Classification of H
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Appendix F. Glossary Arterial Gas E
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Appendix F. Glossary ness, paralysi
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Appendix F. Glossary typically in a
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Appendix F. Glossary Mixed-Gas Any
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Appendix F. Glossary Rebreather Sel
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Appendix F. Glossary Type I DCS (DC
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