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1. Dive Fatalities an unconfirmed report suggests the diver was using a single scooter which became entangled in the guideline. Certainly an unexpected delay at such depths can rapidly result in significantly greater gas consumption than planned for. 12-CT03: Possible panic after entrapment 29-year-old male, full cave diver engaged in a scientific dive. The victim was diving with a buddy and two additional divers were in support. The victim and his buddy passed through a restricted passage where divers must keep to the right since the left side pinches into a low trap. The buddy and two support divers saw the victim taking the incorrect route towards the impassable section and reported waving their lights to attract his attention. The victim got stuck in the restriction at ~90 ffw (27 mfw) and the buddy was prevented from rendering assistance because he was wearing his primary gas tanks on his back, whereas the victim’s 108 cu ft tanks were on his side and thus he had entered a much lower space than the buddy was able to. One of the support divers was also wearing sidemounted tanks and managed to reach the victim’s fins in an attempt to pull him backwards. Suddenly free the victim ascended rapidly, swimming towards daylight instead of following the guideline to safety, where four additional tanks of gas were staged for emergencies at various depths. His buddies lost sight of him at this time. Later, the recovery divers found the victim wedged so firmly into a crevice that his equipment needed cutting off to recover him. The equipment was recovered the following day. Both tanks still contained over 1500 psi (>100 bar) and tests of the gas in the tanks confirmed it was trimix 16/33 in the left and 21/29 in the right. After autopsy the medical examiner ruled the death a result of Arterial Gas Embolism. 11-CT05: Possible cardiovascular event after cave diving 68-year-old male unexpectedly left the decompression stop early and collapsed at the surface. 11-CT04: Decompression sickness 58-year-old male diving a rebreather had given up diving after diagnosis with various cardiovascular health problems but after valve replacement surgery he returned to cave diving. On this day the victim surfaced from a dive to 285 ffw (56 mfw) and while loading the van shortly after the dive he suffered symptoms compatible with decompression sickness (weakness, shortness of breath, headache, pains). The victim was admitted to an emergency department then transferred to a hyperbaric chamber where he died. 10-CT07: Possible panic disorientation induced drowning 67-year-old female diver signaled her buddy while heading out of the cave, appeared to her buddy to show signs of panic, then inexplicably turned around and swam back into the cave. The victim was found 830 ft (250 m) into the cave at a depth of 53 ffw (16 mfw). Following autopsy the cause of death was determined to be drowning. 32 Annual Diving Report – 2012-2015 Edition
1. Dive Fatalities 1.11 Rebreather Fatalities DAN is aware of 64 rebreather cases between 2010-13 that occurred worldwide. Nineteen of those (30%) were in the US, where follow-up inquiries often lead to obtaining further detailed information. The distribution of rebreather fatalities by country is shown in Table 1.11-1. Case vignettes from 13 of the US cases follow. Table 1.11-1 Number of rebreather fatalities by countries (2010-13) n=64 Accident Country 2010 2011 2012 2013 Total United States 3 9 3 4 19 Italy 4 1 1 6 Egypt 3 1 1 5 Spain 3 3 Finland 2 1 3 South Africa 1 2 3 Australia 1 1 2 Bermuda 1 1 2 France 1 1 2 Norway 1 1 2 United Kingdom 1 1 2 Netherlands Antilles 1 1 Brazil 1 1 Canada 1 1 Switzerland 1 1 Germany 1 1 Ecuador 1 1 Micronesia 1 1 Greece 1 1 Croatia 1 1 Ireland 1 1 Mexico 1 1 Malaysia 1 1 Oman 1 1 Poland 1 1 Sweden 1 1 TOTAL 18 17 10 19 64 11-01: Death with severely modified rebreather - final cause of death unknown 52-year-old male, unknown experience and/or certification level. Victim was using a heavily modified rebreather unit for the first time while diving in a quarry. On his second dive of the day, the victim started coughing and spluttering. Victim signaled to his buddy that he was in distress and started ascending. Buddy followed him and made a safety stop, where he became separated from the victim. Buddy located victim on the bottom, unconscious and with the mouthpiece out of his mouth. Buddy was unable to bring victim to the surface. He ascended to the surface to get help, instead. Buddy then returned to the victim and removed the victim’s weights and was able to bring him to the surface. According to the buddy the victim surfaced 41 minutes into the dive before sinking again. The victim’s unit was heavily modified according to the investigator’s equipment report. If/how the modifications affected the outcome of this dive remains undetermined at this stage. Annual Diving Report – 2012-2015 Edition 33
Page 1 and 2: A N N U A L DIVING R E P O R T 2012
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4. Breath-hold Dive Incidents can r
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4. Breath-hold Dive Incidents It is
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4. Breath-hold Dive Incidents There
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Appendix A. Breath-hold Incident Ca
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Appendix A. Breath-hold Incident Ca
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Appendix B. Diving Related Fataliti
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Appendix C. Asia-Pacific Diving Dea
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Appendix D - Japanese Diving Certif
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Appendix D - Japanese Diving Table
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Appendix E. DAN Classification of H
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Appendix E. DAN Classification of H
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Appendix F. Glossary Arterial Gas E
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Appendix F. Glossary ness, paralysi
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Appendix F. Glossary typically in a
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Appendix F. Glossary Mixed-Gas Any
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Appendix F. Glossary Rebreather Sel
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Appendix F. Glossary Type I DCS (DC
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DIVING

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