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10<br />

Transforming health services<br />

further, long-term evaluation is needed to<br />

assess whether, and to what extent, these<br />

results can be further enhanced through<br />

improving quality and greater citizen and<br />

provider engagement.<br />

Conclusions<br />

The GK model demonstrates that a focus<br />

on population health management and<br />

providing a continuum of care, including<br />

health promotion and primary prevention,<br />

can lead to cost-effective solutions,<br />

while also strengthening communities<br />

and healthier people. The model also<br />

underlines the importance of taking<br />

an inter-sectoral approach even when<br />

working at the local and regional level,<br />

since so many determinants outside the<br />

health system influence the health and<br />

wellbeing of people. Establishing lasting,<br />

trusting and respectful relationships with<br />

and between health service providers,<br />

social and community services, private<br />

enterprises and local councils was another<br />

factor in developing these successful<br />

people-centred services. Finally, longterm<br />

and sustainable change can only<br />

be achieved with the help of a strong<br />

evaluation and monitoring framework<br />

in order to understand the impact of<br />

the interventions, identify risk factors<br />

early on, and design and improve the<br />

services based on evidence and predictive<br />

modelling. Looking more closely at health<br />

inequalities and strengthening patientrelated<br />

outcomes and experience measures<br />

are also essential.<br />

References<br />

1<br />

Gallinat A. The chronic disease challenge.<br />

Pan European Networks: Government 2015(16):42.<br />

2<br />

World Health Organization. Global strategy on<br />

people-centred and integrated health services. Interim<br />

Report. Geneva: WHO, 2015.<br />

3<br />

Stange KC. The problem of fragmentation and<br />

the need for integrative solutions. Annals of family<br />

medicine 2009;7(2):100 –3.<br />

4<br />

Nolte E, McKee M. Integration and chronic care:<br />

a review. In: Nolte E and McKee M (eds.) Caring for<br />

People with Chronic Conditions. A Health System<br />

Perspective. London: European Observatory on<br />

Health Systems and Policies Series, 2008:64-91.<br />

5<br />

Alderwick H, Ham C, Buck D. Population health<br />

systems. Going beyond integrated care. London:<br />

The King’s Fund, 2015.<br />

6<br />

Berwick DM, Nolan TW, Whittington J. The<br />

Triple Aim: Care, health and costs. Health Affairs<br />

2008;27:759-69.<br />

7<br />

Ferrer L. Engaging patients, carers and<br />

communities for the provision of coordinated/<br />

integrated health services: strategies and tools.<br />

Working Document. Copenhagen: WHO Regional<br />

Office for Europe, 2015.<br />

8<br />

Conrad DA, Dowling WL. Vertical integration in<br />

health services: theory and managerial implications.<br />

Health care management review 1990;15(4):9–22.<br />

9<br />

Shortell SM, Jones RH, Rademaker AW.<br />

Assessing the impact of total quality management<br />

and organizational culture on multiple outcomes<br />

of care for coronary artery bypass graft surgery<br />

patients. Medical care 2000;38(2):207–17.<br />

10<br />

Skelton-Green JM, Sunner JS. Integrated<br />

delivery systems: the future for Canadian health care<br />

reform? Canadian journal of nursing administration<br />

1997;10(3):90 –111.<br />

11<br />

Groene O, Garcia-Barbero M. Integrated care.<br />

A position paper of the WHO European office for<br />

integrated health care services. Int J Integr Care<br />

2001;1:1-16.<br />

12<br />

Vázquez ML, Vargas I, Unger J-P, et al. Integrated<br />

health care networks in Latin America: toward<br />

a conceptual framework for analysis. [Revista<br />

Panamericana de Salud Pública]. Washington: Pan<br />

American Health Organization, 2009;26(4).<br />

13<br />

Groene O, Hildebrandt H. Integrated Care in<br />

Germany. In: Amelung V, Stein V, Goodwin N, Balicer<br />

R, Nolte E, Suter E (eds.) Handbook Integrated Care.<br />

Springer, forthcoming 2016.<br />

14<br />

Hildebrandt H, Stunder B, Schulte T. Triple Aim<br />

in Kinzigtal, Germany: Improving population health,<br />

integrating health care and reducing costs of care<br />

– lessons for the UK? Journal of Integrated Care<br />

2012;20:205-22.<br />

15<br />

Schulte T, Pimperl A, Fischer A, Dittmann B,<br />

Wendel P, Hildebrandt H. [A quasi-experimental<br />

cohort study: propensity score matching of<br />

participants vs non-participants of the integrated<br />

care network GK – secondary data analysis] Eine<br />

quasi-experimentelle Kohortenstudie: Propensity<br />

Score-Matching von Eingeschriebenen vs. Nicht-<br />

Eingeschriebenen der Integrierten Versorgung<br />

Gesundes Kinzigtal auf Basis von Sekundärdaten,<br />

Optimedis Health Data Analytics, 2014. Available at:<br />

http://optimedis.de/files/Publikationen/Studienund-Berichte/2014/Mortalitaetsstudie-2014/<br />

Mortalitaetsstudie-2014.pdf<br />

Lessons from transforming<br />

health services delivery:<br />

Compendium of initiatives in the<br />

WHO European Region<br />

Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe, 2016<br />

Available for download at: http://www.euro.who.int/en/<br />

health-topics/Health-systems/health-service-delivery/<br />

publications/2016/lessons-from-transforming-health-servicesdelivery-compendium-of-initiatives-in-the-who-europeanregion-2016<br />

is compelling. In the context of both new challenges and<br />

opportunities, initiatives to transform services delivery across<br />

the WHO European Region has emerged.<br />

This Compendium demonstrates the diversity in activity,<br />

describing examples of health services delivery transformations<br />

from each Member State in the Region. The initiatives vary<br />

greatly in their scope and stages of implementation, from early<br />

changes to initiatives at-scale. When taken together, these<br />

examples offer unique insights for setting-up, implementing and<br />

sustaining transformations. A summary of 10 lessons learned<br />

attempts to synthesize key findings and consolidate insights<br />

derived from experiences.<br />

In order for health services delivery to accelerate gains in health<br />

outcomes it must continuously adapt and evolve according to<br />

the changing health landscape. At present, the case for change<br />

Eurohealth — Vol.22 | No.2 | 2016

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