3658925934

More documents

Recommendations

Info

deep, entirely psychological and cordial? I am afraid it would be a delusion to think so. Owing to the increasingly urban nature of our civilization and because the number of our friends and acquaintances does not cease to grow while their degree of intimacy decreases, what we have to say or write is addressed less and less to isolated individuals, and more and more to ever larger groups. Our real interlocuter, our real correspondent is, and more so each day, the Public. 9 It is, therefore, not completely surprising that printed announcements, 10 and advertisements in newspapers, increase much more rapidly than private letters. Perhaps we even have the right to think it probable that these latter, the familiar, chatty letters, which must be distinguished from business letters, continue to diminish in number and still more in length, to judge by the extraordinary simplification and abbreviation even of love letters appearing in the “personal correspondence” section of certain newspapers. 11 The utilitarian terseness of telegrams and telephone conversations, which are trespassing on the domains of correspondence, has repercussions on the style of even the most intimate letters. Invaded by the press from one side, by the telegraph and the telephone from the other, preyed upon on both sides at once, if correspondence still lives and even, according to postal statistics, gives illusory signs of prosperity, it can only be because of the increase in business letters. The personal letter, familiar and well developed, was killed by the newspaper. This is understandable, since the newspaper is the superior equivalent of the letter, or rather its extension and amplification, its universal dissemination. The newspaper does not have the same origins as the book. Books come from speeches, from monologues, and especially from poems and songs. The book of poetry preceded the book of prose; the sacred book preceded the profane. The origin of books is lyrical and religious. But the origin of the newspaper is secular and familiar. It comes from the private letter, which itself comes from conversation. Hence newspapers began as private letters addressed to individuals and copied a certain number of times. . . . The newspaper, in short, is a public letter, a public conversation, which is derived from private letters and conversation and is becoming their great regulator and their most abundant nourishment, uniform for everyone in the whole world, changing profoundly for everyone from one day to the next. It began as only a prolonged echo of chats and correspondences and ended up as their almost exclusive source. Correspondence still lives, more than ever, and especially in the most concentrated and modern of its forms, the telegram. A private telegram addressed to the editor-in-chief results in a sensational new story of intense immediacy, which will instantaneously arouse crowds in all the great cities of the continent; from these dispersed crowds, in intimate though distant contact through their consciousness of their simultaneity and their mutual action born of the action of the news story, the newspaper will create an immense, abstract, and sovereign crowd, which it will name opinion. The newspaper has thus finished the age-old work that conversation began, that correspondence extended, but that always remained in a state of a sparse and scattered outline—the fusion of personal opinions into local opinions, and this into national and world opinion, the grandiose unification of the public mind. I say the public mind, not the national or the traditional mind, which remain basically distinct despite the double invasion of this rational, serious internationalism, of which the national mind is often no more than the popular echo and repercussion. This is an enormous power, one that can only increase, because the need to agree with the public of which one is a part, to think and act in agreement with opinion, becomes all the more strong and irresistible as the public becomes more numerous, the opinion more imposing, and the need itself more often satisfied. One should thus not be surprised to see our contemporaries so pliant before the wind of passing opinion, nor should one conclude from this that characters have necessarily weakened. When poplars and oaks are brought down by a storm, it is not because they grew weaker but because the wind grew stronger.
The Bibliography of Gabriel Tarde Gabriel Tarde published some five thousand pages of books and articles. This bibliography contains his major serious works as well as a few more light-hearted contributions. Book reviews are not included. In compiling the bibliography, we have been greatly assisted by the work of Michael M. Davis, Jr., Psychological Interpretations of Society (New York: Columbia University Studies in History, Economics, and Public Law, 1909). I. Books La criminalité comparée. Paris, 1886; 2d ed., revised, 1890. Les lois de l’imitation. Paris, 1890; 3d ed., revised and enlarged, 1900. The Laws of Imitation. Translated by Elsie Clews Parsons, with an introduction by Franklin H. Giddings. New York, 1903. La philosophie pénale. Paris, 1890; 2d ed., 1891. Penal Philosophy. Translated by Rapelje Howell, with an editorial preface by Edward Lindsey. Boston, 1912. Etudes pénales et sociales. Paris, 1892. Les transformations du droit. Paris, 1893. La logique sociale. Paris, 1895. Essais et mélanges sociologiques. Paris, 1895. L’opposition universelle. Paris, 1897. Les lois sociales. Esquisse d’une sociologie. Paris, 1898. Social Laws. An Outline of Sociology. Translated by Howard C. Warren, with a preface by James Mark Baldwin. New York, 1899. Etudes de psychologie sociale. Paris, 1898. Les transformations du pouvoir. Paris, 1899. L’opinion et la foule. Paris, 1901. Psychologie économique. 2 vols. Paris, 1902. Fragment d’histoire future. Paris, 1905. Reprinted from the article in the Revue internationale de sociologie, IV: 603. Translated into English by Cloudesley Brereton and published (London, 1905) as Underground Man, with preface by H. G. Wells. This preface, translated, appears in Archives de l’anthropologie criminelle, XXI (1906): 233–40. II. Literary and Historical Works Contes et poèmes. Paris, 1879. “La Roque de Gajac, monographie archéologique.” Bulletin de la Société historique et archéologique de Périgord-Périgueux, 1881. Introduction aux Chroniques de Jean Tarde, aumônier de Henri IV, pour servir à l’histoire de Périgord. Paris, 1888. Les deux Statues. Brochure. Paris, 1892. III. Articles Revue philosophique. X (1880): 150, 264. “La croyance et le désir: possibilité de leur mésure.” XII (1881): 232, 401. “La psychologie en économie politique.” XIV (1882): 270. “Les traits communs de la nature et de l’histoire.” XV (1883): 49. “La statistique criminelle du dernier demi-siècle.” 658. “Quelques criminalistes italiens de la nouvelle école.” XVI (1883): 363, 492. “L’archéologie et la statistique.” XVII (1884): 607. “Darwinisme naturel et Darwinisme social.” XVIII (1884): 173. “Travaux sur le socialisme contemporain.” 489. “Qu’est-ce qu’une société?” XIX (1885): 593. “Le type criminel.” XXI (1886): 1, 122. “Problèmes de criminalité.” XXII (1886): 400. “Avenir de la moralité.” XXIV (1887): 625. “Publications récentes sur la psychologie criminelle.” XXVI (1888): 18, 148. “La dialectique sociale.” 379. “La crise de la morale et la crise du droit pénal.” XXVIII (1889): 113, 292. “Catégories logiques et institutions sociales.” 449. “Le crime et l’épilepsie.” XXIX (1890): 505. “La misère et la criminalité.” XXX (1890): 337. “Le délit politique.”
Page 2 and 3:
The University of Chicago Press, Ch
Page 4 and 5:
THE HERITAGE OF SOCIOLOGY a Series
Page 6 and 7:
Preface Some of the neglect of Tard
Page 8 and 9:
Tarde’s own father (1797-1850) se
Page 10 and 11:
death of the philosopher Nourrisson
Page 12 and 13:
apotheosis of the tradition of Spon
Page 14 and 15:
assumption that society consisted o
Page 16 and 17:
III. The Structure of Tarde’s Tho
Page 18 and 19:
aspects of invention and, at some p
Page 20 and 21:
likely it is to be imitated. 41 A n
Page 22 and 23:
society. This same basic principle,
Page 24 and 25:
of domination by a single all power
Page 26 and 27:
V. Methodology, Methods, and Quanti
Page 28 and 29:
Letters have just about the same fo
Page 30 and 31:
attainment of great wealth, demonst
Page 32 and 33:
ailroad, the modern public could on
Page 34 and 35:
and held that with increased commun
Page 36 and 37:
not a hope or a desire, which was n
Page 38 and 39:
psychological approaches, associate
Page 40 and 41:
I. The Nature and Scope of Sociolog
Page 42 and 43:
y the theologians and the authorita
Page 44 and 45:
certain fruitfulness? I believe it
Page 46 and 47:
science. III Now the problem is to
Page 48 and 49:
this question can perhaps be resolv
Page 50 and 51:
accepting facts which repeat themse
Page 52 and 53:
a formula comparable to the type of
Page 54 and 55:
significance of this proposition. T
Page 56 and 57:
These non-imitative similarities be
Page 58 and 59:
were these initiatives imitated, an
Page 60 and 61:
values? This is a fairly well found
Page 62 and 63:
service to the rank of wealth. Agai
Page 64 and 65:
an idol, weaving a garment, cutting
Page 66 and 67:
By joining our point of view, howev
Page 68 and 69:
have intimate knowledge of its elem
Page 70 and 71:
After this admittedly incomplete in
Page 72 and 73:
We should note that matriarchy is e
Page 74 and 75:
of the tribes, then of the cities o
Page 76 and 77:
Lecture by Mr. Durkheim 4 A DEBATE
Page 78 and 79:
The third session, presided over by
Page 80 and 81:
5 BASIC PRINCIPLES *1 1902 Let us b
Page 82 and 83:
epetition is their common tendency,
Page 84 and 85:
I 6 INVENTION *1 1902 However dange
Page 86 and 87:
shown by World Fairs, where the ind
Page 88 and 89:
and churchmen often did likewise. I
Page 90 and 91:
Imagine the effect produced by that
Page 92 and 93:
7 OPPOSITION *1 1898 Let us, first
Page 94 and 95:
he has in his thoughts, at the same
Page 96 and 97:
Fortunately, the truth is not so sa
Page 98 and 99:
III. The Laws of Imitation
Page 100 and 101:
comes to him and then another until
Page 102 and 103:
and one of which is crowded back by
Page 104 and 105:
9 EXTRA-LOGICAL LAWS OF IMITATION *
Page 106 and 107:
10 PROCESSES OF IMITATION *1 1890 A
Page 108 and 109:
IV. Personality and Attitude Measur
Page 110 and 111:
aspect of effort is desire, and tha
Page 112 and 113:
like the solidification of liquids,
Page 114 and 115:
evolution which is the inverse of t
Page 116 and 117:
V. Methodology, Methods, and Quanti
Page 118 and 119:
the charm of theory? If history is
Page 120 and 121: only a commercial treaty, or a new
Page 122 and 123: were perfect. It is this ideal, an
Page 124 and 125: 13 QUANTIFICATION AND SOCIAL INDICA
Page 126 and 127: auditory or motor. In an overexcite
Page 128 and 129: certain records or by the practical
Page 130 and 131: consolation, but is it a matter of
Page 132 and 133: eally a pure accident in the course
Page 134 and 135: VI. Social Stratification
Page 136 and 137: Will not a time come when, although
Page 138 and 139: VII. Social Control and Deviance
Page 140 and 141: And what crimes are involved! Mr. G
Page 142 and 143: with our subject? To read certain s
Page 144 and 145: satisfaction in a select and health
Page 146 and 147: —when this aberration triumphs, i
Page 148 and 149: thank you.
Page 150 and 151: 16 THE PUBLIC AND THE CROWD *1 1901
Page 152 and 153: past; after the family it is the ol
Page 154 and 155: simple epiphenomenon, in itself ine
Page 156 and 157: of more than these two categories.
Page 158 and 159: sorrow, with conviction or with pas
Page 160 and 161: Opinion 17 OPINION AND CONVERSATION
Page 162 and 163: press of our own time, and at all t
Page 164 and 165: privileged groups, a court, a parli
Page 166 and 167: efore this aesthetic flower of civi
Page 168 and 169: . . . The greatest force governing
Page 172 and 173: XXXI (1891): 123, 289. “L’art e
Page 174 and 175: Notes Introduction 1 On Tarde’s l
Page 176 and 177: 64 Part IV, 11, below. 65 On early
Page 178 and 179: 127 Daniel Essertier, Psychologie e
Page 180 and 181: “You would not assert that Promet
Page 182 and 183: *3 Organizations of workers in Fran
Page 184: eligious, scientific, economic, and
show all

3658925934

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?