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service to the rank of wealth. Again it is necessary to distinguish between desire to produce wealth, which we call work, and desire to acquire or retain in in order to transform it into personal satisfaction, which we call consumption.
3 SOCIOLOGY, SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, AND SOCIOLOGISM *1 1894 It is natural that a developing science lean on those already established, as for example sociology on biology. It is also natural that a growing science seek to fly on its own wings and to establish its own separate domain. Sociology has arrived at this point: it seeks to be established by itself and for itself. This is a sort of egotism or scientific individualism—useful to some degree, like all animal or human egotism, but beyond a certain point harmful to the individual himself. Biology and psychology have also experienced this separatist tendency, which, when exaggerated, has led them to the old principles of vitalism and a poorly conceived spitiualism. Everyone is aware of the sterility of these pretensions, which refuse to recognize the solidarity of the various sciences, hence the profound unity of universal reality. The same vain aspirations are to be feared in sociology, and here and there I believe I can perceive symptoms of a similar error which could be disastrous. Let us try to prevent such an aberration, searching out, with all desirable precision but without pretending that it has absolute autonomy, the limits of the field that the science dear to us is called upon to cultivate. Like all scientific research, this investigation is twofold: the study of phenomena of beings, and in order to pursue this, for each type of investigation the specification of the elementary phenomenon of being whose repetition and combination enable us to formulate laws. We ask, therefore: (1) What is or rather what are the elementary social facts, the elementary social acts, and what is their distinctive character? (2) What is or what are social beings, that is—since being here means group—elementary social groups? I The first question, which will be our first concern, has already been treated by me at such length that I dislike returning to it, but the answer I gave has been misunderstood so often that I should be allowed to say a word about it. What is the elementary fact of mechanics? Is it movement? No, no more than the elementary social fact is consciousness. Consciousness is the postulate of sociology just as movement is the postulate of mechanics. The elementary mechanical fact is the communication or modification of a specific movement by the action of one molecule or mass on another; in particular, the elementary fact of astronomy is the attraction exercised by a sphere and also the effect of such repeated attractions—the elliptical movement of celestial bodies, which is itself repeated. Likewise the elementary social fact is the communication or modification of a state of consciousness by the action of one conscious being on another. But what is the nature of this action? To be more precise, not everything done by members of society is sociological. Many of their acts, I was going to say most of them, are purely physiological or even purely psychological. Breathing, digesting, blinking one’s eyelids, mechanically moving one’s legs about, absent-mindedly looking at a landscape, or giving an inarticulate cry—there are all acts which are in no way social except when they result from a habit acquired in dealings with other men and born of a wish or belief that those men communicated to us. But speaking to someone, praying to
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The University of Chicago Press, Ch
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THE HERITAGE OF SOCIOLOGY a Series
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Preface Some of the neglect of Tard
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Tarde’s own father (1797-1850) se
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death of the philosopher Nourrisson
Page 12 and 13: apotheosis of the tradition of Spon
Page 14 and 15: assumption that society consisted o
Page 16 and 17: III. The Structure of Tarde’s Tho
Page 18 and 19: aspects of invention and, at some p
Page 20 and 21: likely it is to be imitated. 41 A n
Page 22 and 23: society. This same basic principle,
Page 24 and 25: of domination by a single all power
Page 26 and 27: V. Methodology, Methods, and Quanti
Page 28 and 29: Letters have just about the same fo
Page 30 and 31: attainment of great wealth, demonst
Page 32 and 33: ailroad, the modern public could on
Page 34 and 35: and held that with increased commun
Page 36 and 37: not a hope or a desire, which was n
Page 38 and 39: psychological approaches, associate
Page 40 and 41: I. The Nature and Scope of Sociolog
Page 42 and 43: y the theologians and the authorita
Page 44 and 45: certain fruitfulness? I believe it
Page 46 and 47: science. III Now the problem is to
Page 48 and 49: this question can perhaps be resolv
Page 50 and 51: accepting facts which repeat themse
Page 52 and 53: a formula comparable to the type of
Page 54 and 55: significance of this proposition. T
Page 56 and 57: These non-imitative similarities be
Page 58 and 59: were these initiatives imitated, an
Page 60 and 61: values? This is a fairly well found
Page 64 and 65: an idol, weaving a garment, cutting
Page 66 and 67: By joining our point of view, howev
Page 68 and 69: have intimate knowledge of its elem
Page 70 and 71: After this admittedly incomplete in
Page 72 and 73: We should note that matriarchy is e
Page 74 and 75: of the tribes, then of the cities o
Page 76 and 77: Lecture by Mr. Durkheim 4 A DEBATE
Page 78 and 79: The third session, presided over by
Page 80 and 81: 5 BASIC PRINCIPLES *1 1902 Let us b
Page 82 and 83: epetition is their common tendency,
Page 84 and 85: I 6 INVENTION *1 1902 However dange
Page 86 and 87: shown by World Fairs, where the ind
Page 88 and 89: and churchmen often did likewise. I
Page 90 and 91: Imagine the effect produced by that
Page 92 and 93: 7 OPPOSITION *1 1898 Let us, first
Page 94 and 95: he has in his thoughts, at the same
Page 96 and 97: Fortunately, the truth is not so sa
Page 98 and 99: III. The Laws of Imitation
Page 100 and 101: comes to him and then another until
Page 102 and 103: and one of which is crowded back by
Page 104 and 105: 9 EXTRA-LOGICAL LAWS OF IMITATION *
Page 106 and 107: 10 PROCESSES OF IMITATION *1 1890 A
Page 108 and 109: IV. Personality and Attitude Measur
Page 110 and 111: aspect of effort is desire, and tha
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like the solidification of liquids,
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evolution which is the inverse of t
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V. Methodology, Methods, and Quanti
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the charm of theory? If history is
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only a commercial treaty, or a new
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were perfect. It is this ideal, an
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13 QUANTIFICATION AND SOCIAL INDICA
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auditory or motor. In an overexcite
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certain records or by the practical
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consolation, but is it a matter of
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eally a pure accident in the course
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VI. Social Stratification
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Will not a time come when, although
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VII. Social Control and Deviance
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And what crimes are involved! Mr. G
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with our subject? To read certain s
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satisfaction in a select and health
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—when this aberration triumphs, i
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thank you.
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16 THE PUBLIC AND THE CROWD *1 1901
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past; after the family it is the ol
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simple epiphenomenon, in itself ine
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of more than these two categories.
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sorrow, with conviction or with pas
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Opinion 17 OPINION AND CONVERSATION
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press of our own time, and at all t
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privileged groups, a court, a parli
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efore this aesthetic flower of civi
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. . . The greatest force governing
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deep, entirely psychological and co
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XXXI (1891): 123, 289. “L’art e
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Notes Introduction 1 On Tarde’s l
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64 Part IV, 11, below. 65 On early
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127 Daniel Essertier, Psychologie e
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“You would not assert that Promet
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*3 Organizations of workers in Fran
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eligious, scientific, economic, and
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