FINISHED_Final_Notebook_Jones

The Learning Goal for this assignment is: Explain how various factors, such as concentration, temperature, and
presence of a catalyst affect the rate of a chemical reaction.
The System and the Surroundings in Chemistry
Thermochemistry
The system is the part of the universe we wish to focus our attention on. In the world of chemistry, the
system is the chemical reaction. For example:
2H2 + O2 ---> 2H2O
The system consists of those molecules which are reacting.
The surroundings are everything else; the rest of the universe. For example, say the above reaction is
happening in gas phase; then the walls of the container are part of the surroundings.
There are two important issues:
1. a great majority of our studies will focus on the change in the amount of energy, not the
absolute amount of energy in the system or the surroundings.
2. regarding the direction of energy flow, we have a "sign convention."
Two possibilities exist concerning the flow of energy between system and surroundings:
1. The system can have energy added to it, which increases its amount and lessens the energy
amount in the surroundings.
2. The system can have energy removed from it, thereby lowering its amount and increasing the
amount in the surroundings.
We will signify an increase in energy with a positive sign and a loss of energy with a negative sign.
Also, we will take the point-of-view from the system. Consequently:
1. When energy (heat or work) flow out of the system, the system decreases in its amount. This
is assigned a negative sign and is called exothermic.
2. When energy (heat or work) flows into the system, the system increases its energy amount.
This is assigned a positive sign and is called endothermic.
We do not discuss chemical reactions from the surrounding's point-of-view. Only from the system's.
Notes:
What are the two possiblities regarding flow of energy between system and surroundings?
The system can have energy added to it. (system + energy --> surroundings - energy | if the system gains, the surroundings lose)
The system can have energy removed from it. (system - energy --> surroundings + energy | if the system loses, the surroundings gain)
Endothermic vs Exothermic reactions
E n d o thermic : When energy (heat or work) flows i n t o the system, the system decreases its amount. This is assigned a positive sign.
E x o thermic: When energy (heat or work) flows o u t o f the system, the system decreases its amount. This is assigned a negative sign. 132