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Learning Goal for this section: Notes Section: Neutrons are neutral due to the fact that they have both positive and negative charge. Isotopes are atoms with a number of neutrons varying from standard, with different masses. The greater the difference in number between protons and neutrons (percentage wise). Ex. Carbon 14 has P=6 and N=8 (there is only a difference of two, however, 2 is very large relative to 8) If you know the half-life of carbon 14, and its initial quantity, you can determine how many half-lives it went through, thus allowing you to determine the date a sample was created. This is known as carbon dating. Helium (He) is the only alpha particle Uranium (U) 238-92 will decay into 234-90 Thorium (Th) when it goes through alpha radiation and ejects an alpha particle, or a Helium (He) 4-2 atom 238=mass 234=mass 4=mass 92=protons 90=protons 2=protons Uranium 238 goes DOWN by 2 Uranium will ALWAYS go through an alpha particle radiation. Which means it will always decay into Thorium, and then it will contiune to decay until it is stable. Negative Beta Radiation Carbon 14-6 (8p6n) [beta radiation] = Nitrogen 14-7 (14p7n) Beta Particles are electrons Negative (-) and Positive (+) particles Carbon 14 goes UP by 1 Can give off positive and negative radiation Beta radiation is neutron (+.-) conversion into a proton by losing the negative charge Positron is a POSITIVE electron e+ = positron Positive Beta Radiation Boron 8-5 (5p3n) = Berylium 4-8 (4p4n) + e+ 5 protons, 3 neutrons, large imbalance Gamma Energy and Gamma Radiation Gamma radiation MUST be accompanied by Alpha or Beta radiation, nothing gives off only Gamma radiation (like a byproduct) Fusion vs. Fission Fusion - "Bring things together" |Ex| A Hydrogen (1 electron, 1 proton, no neutrons) with neutrons floating around. When neutrons come in contact with, and bind with Hydrogen, they make Deuterium (2n1p) Tritium (3n1p) Fission - "Take things apart" |Example| If you "launch" a neutron at Uranium-235 fast enough, the Uranium will split, and become Barium-137 and Krypton-97 as well as 2-3 neutrons, which will continue to collide with other Uranium-235 atoms, causing a chain reaction. 54
The Nucleus A typical model of the atom is called the Bohr Model, in honor of Niels Bohr who proposed the structure in 1913. The Bohr atom consists of a central nucleus composed of neutrons and protons, which is surrounded by electrons which “orbit” around the nucleus. Protons carry a positive charge of one and have a mass of about 1 atomic mass unit or amu (1 amu =1.7x10- 27 kg, a very, very small number). Neutrons are electrically “neutral” and also have a mass of about 1 amu. In contrast electron carry a negative charge and have mass of only 0.00055 amu. The number of protons in a nucleus determines the element of the atom. For example, the number of protons in uranium is 92 and the number in neon is 10. The proton number is often referred to as Z. Atoms with different numbers of protons are called elements, and are arranged in the periodic table with increasing Z. Atoms in nature are electrically neutral so the number of electrons orbiting the nucleus equals the number of protons in the nucleus. Neutrons make up the remaining mass of the nucleus and provide a means to “glue” the protons in place. Without neutrons, the nucleus would split apart because the positive protons would repel each other. Elements can have nucleii with different numbers of neutrons in them. For example hydrogen, which normally only has one proton in the nucleus, can have a neutron added to its nucleus to from deuterium, ir have two neutrons added to create tritium, which is radioactive. Atoms of the same element which vary in neutron number are called isotopes. Some elements have many stable isotopes (tin has 10) while others have only one or two. We express isotopes with the nomenclature Neon-20 or 20 Ne 10, with twenty representing the total number of neutrons and protons in the atom, often referred to as A, and 10 representing the number of protons (Z). Alpha Particle Decay Alpha decay is a radioactive process in which a particle with two neutrons and two protons is ejected from the nucleus of a radioactive atom. The particle is identical to the nucleus of a helium atom. Alpha decay only occurs in very heavy elements such as uranium, thorium and radium. The nuclei of these atoms are very “neutron rich” (i.e. have a lot more neutrons in their nucleus than they do protons) which makes emission of the alpha particle possible. After an atom ejects an alpha particle, a new parent atom is formed which has two less neutrons and two less protons. Thus, when uranium-238 (which has a Z of 92) decays by alpha emission, thorium-234 is created (which has a Z of 90). Because alpha particles contain two protons, they have a positive charge of two. Further, alpha particles are very heavy and very energetic compared to other common types of radiation. These characteristics allow alpha particles to interact readily with materials they encounter, including air, causing many ionizations in a very short distance. Typical alpha particles will travel no more than a few centimeters in air and are stopped by a sheet of paper. 55
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Chemistry Notebook By: Joel J
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Unit 1 Measurement Lab Separation o
Page 5 and 6: Unit 5 (28 days) Chapter 10 Chemica
Page 7 and 8: 30. Always lubricate glassware (tub
Page 10 and 11: Chapter 1 Unit 1 Introduction to Ch
Page 13 and 14: To use the Stair-Step method, find
Page 15 and 16: Using SI Units Match the terms in C
Page 17 and 18: Standards of Measurement Fill in th
Page 19 and 20: SCIENTIFIC NOTATION RULES How to Wr
Page 21 and 22: Convert each number from Scientific
Page 23 and 24: Significant Figures Rules There are
Page 25 and 26: How Many Significant Digits for Eac
Page 27 and 28: The following rule applies for mult
Page 29 and 30: 1qt=32 oz 1gal = 4qts 1.00 qt = 946
Page 31 and 32: Chapter 5 Electrons in Atoms The st
Page 33 and 34: Atoms Are Building Blocks Atoms are
Page 35 and 36: Electrovalence Don't get worried ab
Page 37 and 38: Summary Atoms are essentially the b
Page 39 and 40: Electron Configuration Color the su
Page 41 and 42: Electron Configuration In order to
Page 43 and 44: Calcium (Ca) Nickel (Ni) Carbon (C)
Page 45 and 46: Research the Scientist and summariz
Page 47 and 48: Using Wikipedia, define the 8 categ
Page 49 and 50: Ionization Energy Define Ionization
Page 51 and 52: Ion Size Define Ion Size: Ion size
Page 53 and 54: Chapter 7 Ionic and Metallic Bondin
Page 55: 10. Name __________________________
Page 59 and 60: Gamma Radiation After a decay react
Page 61 and 62: This analysis shows that sodium has
Page 63 and 64: Metals, with only a few electrons i
Page 65 and 66: POLAR BONDING results when two diff
Page 67 and 68: Step 6 Put the atoms in the structu
Page 69 and 70: Trigonal Planal Molecular Geometry
Page 71 and 72: Tetrahedral Molecular Geometry Orbi
Page 73 and 74: Bent Molecular Geometry Orbital Equ
Page 75 and 76: T-Shaped Molecular Geometry Orbital
Page 77 and 78: Square Planar Molecular Geometry Or
Page 79 and 80: sp 3 d 2 AX6 None 90 Octahedral sp
Page 81 and 82: Chapter 9 Unit 4 Chemical Names and
Page 83 and 84: Learning Goals: Describe the proper
Page 85 and 86: Unit 5 Chapter 10 Chemical Quantiti
Page 87 and 88: www.youtube.com/watch?v=AsqEkF7hcII
Page 89 and 90: Categories of Reactions All chemica
Page 91 and 92: List what type the following reacti
Page 93 and 94: How to Balance Chemical Equations A
Page 95 and 96: Step 5 Balance the hydrogen atoms n
Page 97 and 98: 6) ___ Mn(NO2)2 + ___ BeCl2 ___ Be
Page 99 and 100: The Learning Goal for this assignme
Page 101 and 102: Stoichiometry and Balanced Equation
Page 103 and 104: Step 1: 200g C3H8 is equal to 4.54
Page 105 and 106: Stoichiometry and balanced equation
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%yield = 6.1 tons × 100 = 64% 9.6t
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Use the space provided to write out
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Unit 6 Chapter 13 States of Matter
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The Learning Goal for this assignme
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uniform internal structure, and amo
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Volume Pressure Temperature is Aver
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Volume and temperature (in Kelvins)
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120
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Combined Gas Law: This gas law comb
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Unit 7 Chapter 16 Solutions The stu
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Part 5: Molarity Molarity (M) is th
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The Time-Temperature Graph We are g
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Step Two: solid ice melts Now, we c
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Step Four: liquid water boils Now,
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The following table summarizes the
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The Learning Goal for this section
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B. decreasing the concentration of
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everse reaction rate as well. 11. I
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Unit 8 Chapter 19 Acid and Bases Th
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The Learning Goal for this section
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This would be a generic base: XOH -
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HCl + H2O ⇌ H3O + + Cl¯ HCl - th
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Several categories of substances ca
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1. 2.82 2. 8.30 3. 0.00 4. 3.485 5.
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2. What is the oxidation number of
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Table E Selected Polyatomic Ions Fo
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Table H Vapor Pressure of Four Liqu
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Table K Common Acids Table N Select
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Table R Organic Functional Groups C
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Table S Properties of Selected Elem
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Table T Important Formulas and Equa
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CHEMISTRY EXAM FORMULA AND RESOURCE
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Activity Series of Metals Name Symb
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