FINISHED_Final_Notebook_Jones

Summary
Atoms are essentially the building blocks of the universe. They make up everything and anything, living and non-living.
They are made up of protons, and neutrons, (which form a nucleus), and electrons (which orbit the nucleus) as well as some
even some smaller units, such as nucleons and quarks. They can become positively charged or negatively charged,
(cations or anions) depending on the number of electrons in their valence shell. Positively charged atoms are more likely to
give electrons away, where as negatively charged atoms are more likely to take them. When electrons are given, or taken,
this is called an ionic bond. Atoms with only 4 electrons in their valence shell tend to neither give nor take, rather, they share
electrons.This is called a covalent bond. There are also elements with a few less, or more, neutrons than there are in other
elements of the same kind. These are called isotopes.
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