proceedings of the fourth us water jet conference - Waterjet ...

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out of date that it is no longer marketed and the new version of the system can be assembled for less than half this price. The drive shaft from the stepping motor was connected to a drive chain through a suitably sized sprocket. The drive chain was connected through a shear pin to the underside of the light carriage (Figure 2) used to hold the foam package in place. Light steel braces were used to support the upper 30 cm of the foam sample column, the remaining 70 cm of which were allowed to protrude below the table level. The table was guided along two precision shafts and held in place with linear bearings. The software program used to drive the table allowed definition of the acceleration and deceleration rates and distances. The precision of the table was checked using a Spin Physics 2000 high speed video camera, operated at 2000 frames /sec and was found to be accurate within the sensitivity of this instrument. Depending on the cutting speed and jet conditions, sample penetrations greater than 30 cm. could be anticipated (Figure 3). When this occurred the relatively narrow sample dimensions being used meant that there was insufficient rigidity in the lower section of the sample and it vibrated in the path of the jet. A light aluminum frame clamp was accordingly added to provide additional stiffness and to allow samples up to one meter deep to be tested. Figure 2. XY Table and Foam Specimens For most tests samples of each of the three foam densities being evaluated were placed in the table at one time and a single common traverse made over all three sequentially. The samples were located so that the nozzle was some 1.25 cm. above the top surface of the samples. The foam samples were prepared by cutting pieces from larger sheets supplied either by the Navy (Foam #1) or from a local commercial source (Polystyrene--Foam #2, Soft Urethane foam--Foam #3). The tests were carried out in two sequential factorial designs. The first evaluation was a 5 level factorial design examining, for three different densities of foam, the different effects 23
of changes in jet pressure, nozzle diameter and traverse speed on the depth of cut. Consequently an experiment was carried out using just one variety of foam to determine in a smaller factorial, what the effect of adding different levels of a long chain polymer would have on the cutting process. For this 3 levels of traverse speed, pressure and nozzle diameter were used while changing polymer concentration over 5 levels. The levels of these parameters are given in Table 1. Figure 3. The Foam Specimens Consequently a factorial of 5 x 5 x 5 x 3= 375 tests was made using water and one of 5 x 3 x 3 x 3 = 135 tests with Foam #1 using polymer mixed water provided the data for the report (Table 2). Table 1: Test Parameters for First Factorial Stand-off distance (cm) 1.27 Traverse speed (cm/sec) 2.54 12.7 25.4 50.8 127 Pressure (MPa) 52 69 138 207 276 Nozzle Diameter (mm) 0.13 0.18 0.26 0.31 0.36 Foam Types #1, Navy Foam, 66 kg/m 3 and Densities #2, Polystyrene, 14.2 kg/m 3 , #3, Soft Urethane, 14 kg/m 3 Table 2. The Levels of the Parameters for Polymer Mixed Water Experiments Stand-off Distance (cm) 1.27 Traverse Speed(cnvsec) 2.54 12.7 50.8 Pressure (MPa) 69 138 207 Nozzle Diameter(mm) 0.13 0.26 0.36 Foam Type #1, Navy Foam 24
Page 1 and 2: PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTH U.S. WATE
Page 3 and 4: FOREWORD The U.S. Water Jet Confere
Page 5 and 6: FIELD APPLICATIONS- MINING Water Je
Page 7 and 8: Figure 1. Abrasive-Waterjet Nozzle
Page 9 and 10: N2 = ⋅ 2 d 2 j mav N = 3 N 4 Sett
Page 11 and 12: • Although reasonable correlation
Page 13 and 14: Effect of Traverse Speed Increasing
Page 15 and 16: Table 3. Material removal rate and
Page 17 and 18: Abrasive flow rate 7.5 g/s (maximum
Page 19 and 20: where u is the traverse rate in mm/
Page 21 and 22: Table 4 shows the results of additi
Page 23 and 24: this technique. The technique is al
Page 25 and 26: 12. Preece, C., editor, "Treatise o
Page 27: experiment was carried out to exami
Page 31 and 32: D = 0.0911 P 1.42 n 1.37 V −0.39
Page 33 and 34: Figure 8. Average Specific Energy V
Page 35 and 36: with the density of the material, o
Page 37 and 38: PERCUSSIVE JETS—STATE-OF-THE-ART
Page 39 and 40: This process of discharge modulatio
Page 41 and 42: has been demonstrated on all types
Page 43 and 44: 500 psig and 6,000 psig. Compressiv
Page 45 and 46: Figure 6. STATIC IMPACTS ON COMMERC
Page 47 and 48: not pursued because frequency, ampl
Page 49 and 50: 12. Ponchot, W.D., "Hydrodynamic Mo
Page 51 and 52: THEORETICAL ANALYSIS AND EXPERIMENT
Page 53 and 54: D.Rockwell, E.Naudascher, Thomas an
Page 55 and 56: Fig. 3 Flow model Hence we can comp
Page 57 and 58: amplitude decreases suddenly when c
Page 59 and 60: Where T: wave function period If we
Page 61 and 62: Fig.14 Variation of dimensionless r
Page 63 and 64: EXPERIMENTAL RESULT ANALYSIS (1) Th
Page 65 and 66: Fig.19 Amplification factor versus
Page 67 and 68: DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF WATERJET
Page 69 and 70: A piezoelectric transducer (Kistler
Page 71 and 72: From the data obtained, it is clear
Page 73 and 74: conjectured that this optimum signa
Page 75 and 76: difference of impact forces with an
Page 77 and 78: The pressure of the jet is not an i
Page 79 and 80:
near the nozzle exit in the mixing
Page 81 and 82:
etween 0.5 mm and 1.5 mm. Full- fie
Page 83 and 84:
earlier observations that cavitatio
Page 85 and 86:
Obstructed Conical Nozzle The nozzl
Page 87 and 88:
CONSIDERATIONS IN THE DESIGN OF A W
Page 89 and 90:
An experimental mechanism was desig
Page 91 and 92:
horn and the modification of the st
Page 93 and 94:
ased on more detailed examination o
Page 95 and 96:
DEVELOPMENT OF CAVITATING JET EQUIP
Page 97 and 98:
hole, a total 23 minutes was requir
Page 99 and 100:
from 1.5 to 4 ft to be cut. Other f
Page 101 and 102:
Table 2 Summary of CCPC Pavement Cu
Page 103 and 104:
All of the experimental modules wer
Page 105 and 106:
Figure 10. Effect of CAVIJET R cutt
Page 107 and 108:
HYDRO DEMOLITION - TECHNOLOGY FOR P
Page 109 and 110:
Figure 1. Air entrained concrete pr
Page 111 and 112:
TABLE II used a mean rating because
Page 113 and 114:
As work loads grew and costs escala
Page 115 and 116:
inches deep of deteriorated bridge
Page 117 and 118:
Figure 6. Atlas Copco Conjet removi
Page 119 and 120:
6. Total Ownership Cost Per Day $ 9
Page 121 and 122:
ABRASIVE-WATERJET AND WATERJET TECH
Page 123 and 124:
Commercial nuclear power plant deco
Page 125 and 126:
Figure 3. Components of rotating no
Page 127 and 128:
shroud and catching system designed
Page 129 and 130:
Figure 9. Effect of abrasive size.
Page 131 and 132:
alternative abrasive material. The
Page 133 and 134:
four arms leading to nozzle holders
Page 135 and 136:
surrounding grout, they tended to r
Page 137 and 138:
12. Hashish, M. “Steel Cutting wi
Page 139 and 140:
Figure 1 Kerf test stand pressure v
Page 141 and 142:
Figure 3 Kerf area versus standoff
Page 143 and 144:
The ratio of kerf depth to width or
Page 145 and 146:
where: x c = u o d o ( ) (1) 4v e l
Page 147 and 148:
Depending on the rock type γ can v
Page 149 and 150:
CONICAL WATER JET DRILLING W. Dicki
Page 151 and 152:
feed line. A conical cutting fluid
Page 153 and 154:
A second series of tests at the ful
Page 155 and 156:
Figure 8. 6061-T6 aluminum cut with
Page 157 and 158:
serves to reduce tool wear (8). It
Page 159 and 160:
Traverse speed is the velocity of t
Page 161 and 162:
Figure 4: Diagram illustrating the
Page 163 and 164:
The picture changes dramatically wh
Page 165 and 166:
Analysis of the residuals of these
Page 167 and 168:
5. Hood, M., "Cutting Strong Rock w
Page 169 and 170:
hundred feet-per-second. At these v
Page 171 and 172:
Figure 1. Typical Nozzle Configurat
Page 173 and 174:
Figure 5. Expanded Signal from an I
Page 175 and 176:
where: V w = water velocity F = mea
Page 177 and 178:
HYDRO-ABRASIVE CUTTING HEAD—ENERG
Page 179 and 180:
Figure 3. Percentage of initial abr
Page 181 and 182:
Figure 6. Location of optimum recei
Page 183 and 184:
WATER JET ASSISTED LONGWALL SHEARER
Page 185 and 186:
• reduction of the proportion of
Page 187 and 188:
The conversion set for the shearer
Page 189 and 190:
into account. As far as possible no
Page 191 and 192:
gal/yd 3 ). Another important influ
Page 193 and 194:
At approximately 2 m/s (393 fpm), a
Page 195 and 196:
Proceedings of the 8th Internationa
Page 197 and 198:
κ = permeability of rock at atmosp
Page 199 and 200:
operating parameters (P. V tr , etc
Page 201 and 202:
κ = permeability at 1 atm. pressur
Page 203 and 204:
was substantial gain in the depth o
Page 205 and 206:
Figure 9. Plot of exposure rate aga
Page 207 and 208:
For nozzle C2, a = 0.5 x 10 4 and b
Page 209 and 210:
204
Page 211 and 212:
Deep drilling or slotting requires
Page 213 and 214:
imparted by an air motor coupled to
Page 215 and 216:
Conventional rotary or percussive r
Page 217 and 218:
A RELATIVE CLEANABILITY FACTOR A. F
Page 219 and 220:
Relation [6] was used to derive the
Page 221 and 222:
which has been observed for much of
Page 223 and 224:
As part of a project to develop the
Page 225 and 226:
Figure 1. Cost per square foot clea
Page 227 and 228:
Abrasive Feed Rate The effect of ab
Page 229 and 230:
Figure 4. Total cost per square foo
Page 231 and 232:
3. Barker, C. R.; Mazurkiewicz, M.
Page 233 and 234:
For our purposes here, we will lump
Page 235 and 236:
Surface condensers can be cleaned b
Page 237 and 238:
Some Powerlance customers have 20,0
Page 239 and 240:
system could be designed that was o
Page 241 and 242:
236
Page 243 and 244:
ROTARY WATERBLAST LANCING MACHINES
Page 245 and 246:
Motors and Gearing An advantage of
Page 247 and 248:
The DuPont Company in LaPlace, Loui
Page 249 and 250:
Fig 3 Heavy duty Rotary Lancing Mac
Page 251 and 252:
D L - lower diameter of through hol
Page 253 and 254:
Figure 1. A - single-pass, rough ke
Page 255 and 256:
The erosion process is stochastic i
Page 257 and 258:
three dimensional controlled erosio
Page 259 and 260:
This can only be regarded as a simp
Page 261 and 262:
approximately zero. Time constant T
Page 263 and 264:
Figure 12. Transients of HAJM cycli
Page 265 and 266:
T A = (f, h o, p, s o, f o, c, . .
Page 267 and 268:
SURFACE FINISH CHARACTERIZATION IN
Page 269 and 270:
FIG. 2 Force Sensor Designed for Cu
Page 271 and 272:
system can be used in the developme
Page 273 and 274:
Figure 8 Cutting Force versus Cutti
Page 275 and 276:
nearly at the center of the ceramic
Page 277 and 278:
ABRASIVE WATERJET CUTTING OF METAL
Page 279 and 280:
Figure 1. Experimental setup, inclu
Page 281 and 282:
Figure 3. Scanning microphotograph
Page 283 and 284:
Figure 8. Effect of cutting speed o
Page 285 and 286:
a. Scanning microphotograph, lOOOx
Page 287 and 288:
c. Silicon image 1000x Figure 16. S
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