Nestorius

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NESTORIUS : UNDERSTANDING INCARNATION PROF. M. M. NINAN deposition of Irenaeus. Dioscorus complains both to Theodoret and to Domnus of the former's unorthodoxy. Theodoret replies and protests to Flavian and others, but Theodosius orders him to be confined within his own diocese. May Eutyches writes to Leo to say that Nestorianism is on the increase. June Leo replies cautiously, asking for more detailed information. September Photius is consecrated bishop of Tyre in place of Irenaeus. November Synod of Constantinople. Eusebius of Dorylaeum accuses Eutyches before Flavian Eutyches is summoned, but does not appear till Session VIII, when after being examined he is condemned. He immediately writes in protest to Leo, and Chrysaphius procures a letter from Theodosius to Leo on his behalf Eutyches also writes to Peter Chrysologus, archbishop of Ravenna. Flavian writes to Leo, giving his account of the trial, and asking the West to recognize Eutyches' condemnation. 449. Leo, receiving first the letters of Eutyches and Theodosius, writes to Theodosius and Flavian complaining that he has had no report from the latter, and asking for one. Eutyches invites Dioscorus to take his part Chrysaphius promises his aid, and that of |xxvi Eudocia. Dioscorus admits Eutyches to communion, and asks the Emperor for a General Council. March Theodosius summons a General Council to meet at Ephesus in August April Eutyches persuades Theodosius to have the Minutes of the Synod of Constantinople verified, and to order Flavian to produce a written statement of his faith The Minutes are verified, and Flavian produces his statement. The Eutychians procure the condemnation of Ibas of Edessa. May Leo acknowledges the receipt of Flavian's letter. Theodosius summons the abbot Barsumas to represent the abbots of the East at Ephesus, and tells Dioscorus that Barsumas is to be allowed to sit and vote. Dioscorus is appointed to preside, Counts Elphidius and Eulogius to keep order Theodosius' summons to the Council reaches Rome. Leo promises Flavian his support. June Leo appoints Julius, bishop of Puteoli, the presbyter Renatus, the deacon Hilary, and the notary Dulcitius to represent him at Ephesus They take with them letters to Pulcheria, the archimandrites of Constantinople, the Council, and Julian of Cos, and The Tome for Flavian. August The Latrocinium. The Council meets, charged by Theodosius to put an end to Nestorianism and the trouble stirred up by Flavian. Dioscorus presides. Of Leo's legates, Renatus has died and the others, since they sit apart from one another and do not understand Greek, have little influence Session I. Dioscorus refuses to allow bishops who had taken part in the deposition of Eutyches at Constantinople to take part in this Council He has the letters of Theodosius read, but prevents the reading of Leo's Tome The Minutes of the Council of Constantinople are read |xxvii Eusebius of Dorylaeum is refused a hearing Eutyches and his followers are absolved and restored to their lost positions. Flavian and Eusebius are condemned, a protest being met by Dioscorus calling in the Counts and the soldiery, and obtaining the verdict by military compulsion Dioscorus sends in his report to Theodosius. Session II, a fortnight later. Flavian has died from the violence of Barsumas and his 91
NESTORIUS : UNDERSTANDING INCARNATION PROF. M. M. NINAN monks Eusebius, Domnus, and Leo's legates are not present. Ibas, Irenaeus, Theodoret, and Domnus are all deposed Cyril's XII Anathematisms are solemnly ratified. September While a Synod is sitting on other matters in Rome, letters are received from Theodoret and Eusebius protesting against the Ephesian decisions, and Hilary brings his account of the Council. October In the name of the Roman Synod, Leo writes to Theodosius and Pulcheria protesting against the proceedings at Ephesus. He also writes to various Eastern bishops, bidding them stand fast. The Eutychians Anatolius and Maximus hold the sees of Constantinople and Antioch. 450. February The Western Court visits Rome, and Leo persuades Valentinian III, his mother, Galla Placidia, and his wife, Eudoxia, to write to their Eastern kinsfolk, but it is all in vain. Theodosius confirms all that was done at Ephesus, and informs the West that all is well in the East. July Leo offers to recognize Anatolius if he will accept Cyril Ad Nest. II and his own Tome. There is no response. Theodosius dies from a fall from his horse He is succeeded by his sister, Pulcheria, who puts Chrysaphius to death and marries the senator Marcian. |xxviii Eutyches is put under restraint, and Flavian's body buried with honour in Constantinople. Theodoret and others are recalled from exile, and many of the bishops who supported Dioscorus at Ephesus explain that they did so under compulsion. November to June 451 Correspondence between Pulcheria, Marcian, Anatolius, and Leo. Leo says the trouble is due to Dioscorus and Juvenal of Jerusalem, and can easily be settled without a Council, which would be difficult to arrange owing to the invasion of the Huns. Nevertheless, Pulcheria and Marcian summon a Council to meet at Nicaea in September. Leo appoints legates. Bishops assemble at Nicaea. Eutyches excommunicates Leo. Marcian cannot go so far as Nicaea for fear of Huns in Illyricum, and orders the bishops to move to Chalcedon. Strong measures are taken to exclude monks and laymen, and to keep order. 451. October 8 Session I. Dioscorus is treated as defendant and accused by Eusebius of Dorylaeum. Theodoret is admitted as a bishop. The Minutes of the Latrocinium and of the Synod of Constantinople are read. Flavian's memory is vindicated, Dioscorus and his supporters are deposed, and the assembly bursts into singing the Trisagion----the first occasion on which it is known to have been used October 10 Session II---- mainly occupied with the discussion of Leo's Tome. October 13 Session III. Dioscorus is formally deprived of his episcopal dignity October 17 Session IV. The Council accepts 'The Rule of Faith as contained in the Creed of Nicaea, confirmed by the Council of Constantinople, expounded at Ephesus under Cyril, and set forth in the Letter of Pope Leo when he condemned the heresy of <strong>Nestorius</strong> and Eutyches'. October 22 Session V. The Definition of Chalcedon, under Roman and Imperial pressure, is amended so as definitely to exclude Eutychianism, and as adopted includes the following words: 'Following therefore the holy Fathers, we all teach, with one accord, one and the same Son, our Lord Jesus Christ, . . . who for us men and for our salvation, according to the manhood, was born of the Virgin Mary the God-bearer, 26 92
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