Contents Contributors Abbreviations xiii xiv 1 Examination 1 1.1 How to set up the echo machine to optimize your examination 2 2 The standard transthoracic echo examination 15 2.1 2D echocardiology and M-mode echocardiography 16 2.2 Doppler echocardiography 24 2.3 Functional echocardiography 49 Reference values 63 Suggested reading 67 2.4 3D echocardiography 68 Reference values 87 Suggested reading 87 2.5 Left ventricular opacification with contrast echocardiography 88 Suggested reading 100 2.6 The storage and report on transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) 101 Suggested reading 109
Contents 3 The standard transoesophageal examination 111 3.1 Transoesophageal echocardiography (TOE) 112 Suggested reading 125 3.2 The standard transoesophageal 3D echo examination 126 Suggested reading 131 3.3 The storage and report on transoesophageal echocardiography 132 Suggested reading 138 4 Assessment of the left ventricular systolic function 139 4.1 Left chamber quantification 140 Suggested reading 159 5 Assessment of diastolic function 161 5.1 Left ventricle diastolic function 162 Suggested reading 185 6 Ischaemic cardiac disease (ICD) 187 Introduction 188 6.1 Assessment of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) 189 6.2 Complications of AMI 191 6.3 Determinants of prognosis in chronic ICD 196 Suggested reading 197 viii
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