IOP1601_MO001_3_2016_E

Chapter 17: Optimality and deficiencies in being
Instructions: Optimality involves on-going growth whereby the individual takes responsibility for the
development of his/her physical, psychological and mental capabilities.
• Optimality can therefore be regarded as self-actualisation.
• Psychological wellness follows congruent experiences in the self and between the self and new
experiences in the environment.
• Positive regard (e.g. person-centeredness in attitudes of acceptance, honesty and
empathy) from other important people is required in order to develop healthy or positive self- regard
(a good self-image).
• Mental health is also based on living a full and open life and finding meaning in life roles.
The opposites are feelings of inferiority, insufficiency, helplessness, alienation and
meaninglessness.
• Self-defeating behaviour and negative social influences are serious inhibiting factors when trying to
live a full life.
Chapter 17: Summary
Instructions: In conclusion:
The humanistic approach emphasises people's unique experiences and internal motivation to develop
towards the full utilisation of their potential. The application of self-actualisation is one of the humanists'
greatest contributions. The focus of humanistic theory is to recognise and cultivate the natural, positive
potentials of humankind and to encourage people to find meaning in whatever they do.
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