Stanton PhD Thesis final_docx - Atrium - University of Guelph

More documents

Recommendations

Info

The decreased activity of the Pre-mixed calves in the novel environment relative to traditional calves may indicate a less stressful adjustment. However this did not result in greater feed intake or weight gain. An increase in steps per day and lying time in the 4 to 11 days after weaning and movement to a novel environment has previously been associated with increased weight gain in weaned dairy calves (Chapter 3). However, the limitation of this comparison is the differences in the stressors applied to the calves. In the current study calves were moved to a novel environment at least 4 days after weaning, whereas in the previous study calves were both weaned and moved to a novel environment at the same time. There were no differences in the number of lying bouts in any of the time periods. This could indicate that this factor is not sensitive to management changes and may require larger stressors than those in this study to be altered. Alternatively, an environment that is lacking complexity, such as individual housing, may result in decreased activity due to fewer stimuli. The movement to a novel environment was of very short duration in this study and did not require transport in a vehicle or haltering. If a greater transportation distance was involved the observed differences between treatments in the novel environment may have been greater. In conclusion, the preliminary data from this study suggests that mixing calves in the nursery prior to moving them to a novel group housed environment does alter their behavior in the novel environment. Based on these findings further study of this management system should be conducted to determine if these behavioural changes indicate increased or decreased calf welfare. 97
4.4 REFERENCES Chua, B., E. Coenen, J. van Delen and D. M. Weary. 2002. Effects of pair versus individual housing on the behavior and performance of dairy calves. J. Dairy Sci. 85:360-364. Hyun, Y., M. Ellis, G. Riskowski and R. W. Johnson. 1998. Growth performance of pigs subjected to multiple concurrent environmental stressors. J. Anim. Sci. 76:721-727. Jensen, M. B. and R. Kyhn. 2000. Play behaviour in group-housed dairy calves, the effect of space allowance. Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 67:35-46. Jensen, M. B., K. S. Vestergaard and C. C. Krohn. 1998. Play behaviour in dairy calves kept in pens: The effect of social contact and space allowance. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 56:97-108. Lensink, B. J., S. Raussi, X. Boivin, M. Pyykkönen and I. Veissier. 2001. Reactions of calves to handling depend on housing condition and previous experience with humans. Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 70:187-199. McFarlane, J. M., S. E. Curtis, R. D. Shanks and S. G. Carmer. 1989. Multiple concurrent stressors in chicks. 1. effect on weight gain, feed intake, and behavior. Poult. Sci. 68:865-866. McGuirk, S. M. 2008. Disease management of dairy calves and heifers. Vet. Clin. Food. Anim. 24:139-153. Quigley, J. 1996. Calf note #16 – stress at weaning. Calf Notes . www.calfnotes.com Ritter, M. J., M. Ellis, D. B. Anderson, S. E. Curtis, K. K. Keffaber, J. Killefer, F. K. McKeith, C. M. Murphy and B. A. Peterson. 2009. Effects of multiple concurrent stressors on rectal temperature, blood acid-base status, and longissimus muscle glycolytic potential in marketweight pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 87:351-362. Veissier, I., A. Boissy, A. M. dePassille, J. Rushen, C. G. van Reenen, S. Roussel, S. Andanson and P. Pradel. 2001. Calves' responses to repeated social regrouping and relocation. J. Anim. Sci. 79:2580-2593. 98
Page 1 and 2:
AN EVALUATION OF THE IMPACT OF MANA
Page 3 and 4:
differences in weight gain or calf
Page 5 and 6:
3.2.2 Experimental Study Design 68
Page 7 and 8:
7.4.5 Culling and mortality prior t
Page 9 and 10:
Table 6.5: Reasons for death loss a
Page 11 and 12:
and season as fixed effects and for
Page 13 and 14:
, which requires that “all calves
Page 15 and 16:
ehaviour of dams challenged with LP
Page 17 and 18:
In cattle, early disease detection
Page 19 and 20:
increased rest and decreased appeti
Page 21 and 22:
1.4.2 Nutritional Stressors Dairy c
Page 23 and 24:
humans, the metabolic rate increase
Page 25 and 26:
Without human intervention, calves
Page 27 and 28:
average group size of three or four
Page 29 and 30:
al., 2004). Group composition and g
Page 31 and 32:
first is the addition of antibiotic
Page 33 and 34:
viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) bovine
Page 35 and 36:
1.7 CONCLUSION AND THESIS OBJECTIVE
Page 37 and 38:
Buhman, M. J., L. J. Perino, M. L.
Page 39 and 40:
Hemsworth, P. H., G. J. Coleman, J.
Page 41 and 42:
Schein, M. W. and M. H. Fohrman. 19
Page 43 and 44:
Waltner-Toews, D., S. W. Martin and
Page 45 and 46:
ehavioural observations ( Borderas,
Page 47 and 48:
and had access to ad libitum calf s
Page 49 and 50:
may indicate abdominal discomfort,
Page 51 and 52:
identified in 5% (40/788) of calves
Page 53 and 54:
of diarrhea in calves on this farm
Page 55 and 56:
The most common response to the vig
Page 57 and 58: at any observation period. For this
Page 59 and 60: 3 was associated with lower ADG rel
Page 61 and 62: of heifers to allow them to calve a
Page 63 and 64: 2.5 REFERENCES Al-Chaer, E. D. & Tr
Page 65 and 66: Panivivat, R., Kegley, E. B., Penni
Page 67 and 68: Table 2.2: List of exclusions used
Page 69 and 70: Table 2.4: The lsmeans ± S.E. of t
Page 71 and 72: Figure 2.1: Timeline describing tri
Page 73 and 74: Proportion of calves performing beh
Page 75 and 76: in a lower rate of vocalizations an
Page 77 and 78: sites. During the summer months bot
Page 79 and 80: treatment and weight gain category.
Page 81 and 82: pre-weaning calf starter intake, an
Page 83 and 84: Calves spent a total of 13 ± 6 (me
Page 85 and 86: calves were still allowed access to
Page 87 and 88: It was hypothesized that the more t
Page 89 and 90: calves to consume sufficient calf s
Page 91 and 92: Table 3.1: Descriptive list of obse
Page 93 and 94: Number of steps per day 7000 6000 5
Page 95 and 96: Number of lying bouts per day 35 30
Page 97 and 98: Weight gain (kgs) first 7 days post
Page 99 and 100: The concept of separating stressors
Page 101 and 102: were bedded with straw. While house
Page 103 and 104: 4.2.5 Data Collection Calf starter
Page 105 and 106: 4.3 RESULTS enrolment. On average,
Page 107: 4.3 DISCUSSION There was no effect
Page 111 and 112: Steps per day 2500 2000 1500 1000 5
Page 113 and 114: Appendix 4.1: Scoring sheet used fo
Page 115 and 116: positive for M. bovis and 4 differe
Page 117 and 118: feedlots (Van Donkersgoed, 1992). I
Page 119 and 120: protocol included the identificatio
Page 121 and 122: (cases) and two calves closest in a
Page 123 and 124: No statistical analysis was perform
Page 125 and 126: 5.4.3 Growth Three calves returned
Page 127 and 128: 5.4.4 Testing for Mycoplasma Of the
Page 129 and 130: may be an early sign of respiratory
Page 131 and 132: small number of unilateral ear droo
Page 133 and 134: evaluated for efficacy and carefull
Page 135 and 136: 5.6 REFERENCES Biddle, M. K., L. K.
Page 137 and 138: USDA. 2007. Dairy 2007, part II: Ch
Page 139 and 140: Table 5.2: Incidence and median age
Page 141 and 142: Table 5.4: Breakdown of the number
Page 143 and 144: Figure 5. 5.1: 1: Images taken from
Page 145 and 146: 6.1 ABSTRACT Bovine respiratory dis
Page 147 and 148: efore entry into the milking herd o
Page 149 and 150: with bovine viral diarrhea (BVD). O
Page 151 and 152: 6.3.3 Outcome Measures All calves w
Page 153 and 154: tests, or multiple partial F-tests,
Page 155 and 156: The effect of treatment on height a
Page 157 and 158: this study involved continuing with
Page 159 and 160:
is important to emphasize that the
Page 161 and 162:
6.7 REFERENCES J. Carroll and N.E.
Page 163 and 164:
Table 6.1: Disease variables consid
Page 165 and 166:
Table 6.3: Least squares means ( ±
Page 167 and 168:
Table 6.5: Reasons for death loss a
Page 169 and 170:
CHAPTER 7: THE IMPACT OF BOVINE RES
Page 171 and 172:
7.2 INTRODUCTION Bovine respiratory
Page 173 and 174:
days following study enrolment than
Page 175 and 176:
Age at First Calving Since age at f
Page 177 and 178:
(Weaning, Transition, Grower 1, Gro
Page 179 and 180:
The excluded source farm resulted i
Page 181 and 182:
of calves with BRD60 survived to fi
Page 183 and 184:
7.4.8 Milk Production First Test Da
Page 185 and 186:
BRD before 6 months of age decrease
Page 187 and 188:
BRD following movement to group hou
Page 189 and 190:
calves with BRD60 were 1.5 (95% CI:
Page 191 and 192:
7.7 REFERENCES Correa, M. T., C. R.
Page 193 and 194:
Table 7.1: Calving Ease Scoring Sys
Page 195 and 196:
Table 7.3: Least-square means (± S
Page 197 and 198:
Table 7.5: Proportion of calves sur
Page 199 and 200:
Table 7.7: Producers primary reason
Page 201 and 202:
Table 7.9: Effect of BRD60 on calvi
Page 203 and 204:
Table 7.11: Distribution of heifers
Page 205 and 206:
Figure 7.2: Difference in least squ
Page 207 and 208:
Figure 7.4: Time to event analysis
Page 209 and 210:
CHAPTER 8: CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE R
Page 211 and 212:
Heifers with poor post-weaning grow
Page 213 and 214:
strategic antimicrobial use was met
Page 215 and 216:
Specifically, How can disease sever
Page 217 and 218:
Does transportation, initial social
show all

Stanton PhD Thesis final_docx - Atrium - University of Guelph

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?