Stanton PhD Thesis final_docx - Atrium - University of Guelph

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schedule may have resulted in these changes not being captured. Average daily gain is an unbiased measure of poor growth and by extension disease, however some illnesses may either not be associated with decreased ADG or calves may experience compensatory growth prior to their final measurement. In these cases, behavioral changes associated with these illnesses would not be detected in this study. However, given these limitations, the behaviors identified would be associated with the most severe illness which was most likely to cause production loss and impair calf welfare. In conclusion, short lying appears to be a highly specific indicator of diarrhea since it was more likely to be performed during active diarrhea. However, short lying was uncommon. For this reason, behavioral measures such as lethargy score and willingness to approach the observer may be useful to identify animals with decreased ADG and diarrhea. These behaviors could be integrated into future studies of predictors of disease and discomfort as well as used on farm for training of personnel in disease detection. 51
2.5 REFERENCES Al-Chaer, E. D. & Traub, R. J. 2002. Biological basis of visceral pain: recent developments. Pain, 96, 221-225. Aubert, A. 1999. Sickness and behaviour in animals: a motivational perspective. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 23, 1029-1036. Blaxter, K. L. 1962. The Energy Metabolism of Ruminants. : London: Hutchinson. Borderas, T. F., de Passille, A. M. B. & Rushen, J. 2008. Behavior of dairy calves following a low dose of bacterial endotoxin. J.Anim Sci., . Borderas, T. F., Rushen, J., von Keyserlingk, M. A. G. & de Passille, A. M. B. 2009. Automated measurement of changes in feeding behavior of milk-fed calves associated with illness. Journal of dairy science, 92, 4549-4554. doi: 10.3168/jds.2009-2109. Breuer, K., Hemsworth, P. H. & Coleman, G. J. 2003. The effect of positive or negative handling on the behavioural and physiological responses of nonlactating heifers. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 84, 3-22. Buhman, M. J., Perino, L. J., Galyean, M. L., Wittum, T. E., Montgomery, T. H. & Swingle, R. S. 2000. Association between changes in eating and drinking behaviors and respiratory tract disease in newly arrived calves at a feedlot. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 61, 1163-1168. Carroll, J. & Forsberg, N. E. 2007. Influence of stress and nutrition on cattle immunity. The veterinary clinics of North America. Food animal practice, 23, 105-149. Dantzer, R. 2001. Cytokine-Induced Sickness Behavior: Where Do We Stand? Brain, behavior, and immunity, 15, 7-24. Dantzer, R. & Kelley, K. W. 2007. Twenty years of research on cytokine-induced sickness behavior. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 21, 153-160. de la Fuente, R., Luzón, M., Ruiz-Santa-Quiteria, J. A., García, A., Cid, D., Orden, J. A., García, S., Sanz, R. & Gómez-Bautista, M. 1999. Cryptosporidium and concurrent infections with other major enterophatogens in 1 to 30-day-old diarrheic dairy calves in central Spain. Veterinary parasitology, 80, 179-185. de Passille, A. M., Rushen, J., Ladewig, J. & Petherick, C. 1996. Dairy calves' discrimination of people based on previous handling. Journal of animal science, 74, 969-974. 52
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AN EVALUATION OF THE IMPACT OF MANA
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differences in weight gain or calf
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3.2.2 Experimental Study Design 68
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7.4.5 Culling and mortality prior t
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Table 6.5: Reasons for death loss a
Page 11 and 12: and season as fixed effects and for
Page 13 and 14: , which requires that “all calves
Page 15 and 16: ehaviour of dams challenged with LP
Page 17 and 18: In cattle, early disease detection
Page 19 and 20: increased rest and decreased appeti
Page 21 and 22: 1.4.2 Nutritional Stressors Dairy c
Page 23 and 24: humans, the metabolic rate increase
Page 25 and 26: Without human intervention, calves
Page 27 and 28: average group size of three or four
Page 29 and 30: al., 2004). Group composition and g
Page 31 and 32: first is the addition of antibiotic
Page 33 and 34: viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) bovine
Page 35 and 36: 1.7 CONCLUSION AND THESIS OBJECTIVE
Page 37 and 38: Buhman, M. J., L. J. Perino, M. L.
Page 39 and 40: Hemsworth, P. H., G. J. Coleman, J.
Page 41 and 42: Schein, M. W. and M. H. Fohrman. 19
Page 43 and 44: Waltner-Toews, D., S. W. Martin and
Page 45 and 46: ehavioural observations ( Borderas,
Page 47 and 48: and had access to ad libitum calf s
Page 49 and 50: may indicate abdominal discomfort,
Page 51 and 52: identified in 5% (40/788) of calves
Page 53 and 54: of diarrhea in calves on this farm
Page 55 and 56: The most common response to the vig
Page 57 and 58: at any observation period. For this
Page 59 and 60: 3 was associated with lower ADG rel
Page 61: of heifers to allow them to calve a
Page 65 and 66: Panivivat, R., Kegley, E. B., Penni
Page 67 and 68: Table 2.2: List of exclusions used
Page 69 and 70: Table 2.4: The lsmeans ± S.E. of t
Page 71 and 72: Figure 2.1: Timeline describing tri
Page 73 and 74: Proportion of calves performing beh
Page 75 and 76: in a lower rate of vocalizations an
Page 77 and 78: sites. During the summer months bot
Page 79 and 80: treatment and weight gain category.
Page 81 and 82: pre-weaning calf starter intake, an
Page 83 and 84: Calves spent a total of 13 ± 6 (me
Page 85 and 86: calves were still allowed access to
Page 87 and 88: It was hypothesized that the more t
Page 89 and 90: calves to consume sufficient calf s
Page 91 and 92: Table 3.1: Descriptive list of obse
Page 93 and 94: Number of steps per day 7000 6000 5
Page 95 and 96: Number of lying bouts per day 35 30
Page 97 and 98: Weight gain (kgs) first 7 days post
Page 99 and 100: The concept of separating stressors
Page 101 and 102: were bedded with straw. While house
Page 103 and 104: 4.2.5 Data Collection Calf starter
Page 105 and 106: 4.3 RESULTS enrolment. On average,
Page 107 and 108: 4.3 DISCUSSION There was no effect
Page 109 and 110: 4.4 REFERENCES Chua, B., E. Coenen,
Page 111 and 112: Steps per day 2500 2000 1500 1000 5
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Appendix 4.1: Scoring sheet used fo
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positive for M. bovis and 4 differe
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feedlots (Van Donkersgoed, 1992). I
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protocol included the identificatio
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(cases) and two calves closest in a
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No statistical analysis was perform
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5.4.3 Growth Three calves returned
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5.4.4 Testing for Mycoplasma Of the
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may be an early sign of respiratory
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small number of unilateral ear droo
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evaluated for efficacy and carefull
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5.6 REFERENCES Biddle, M. K., L. K.
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USDA. 2007. Dairy 2007, part II: Ch
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Table 5.2: Incidence and median age
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Table 5.4: Breakdown of the number
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Figure 5. 5.1: 1: Images taken from
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6.1 ABSTRACT Bovine respiratory dis
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efore entry into the milking herd o
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with bovine viral diarrhea (BVD). O
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6.3.3 Outcome Measures All calves w
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tests, or multiple partial F-tests,
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The effect of treatment on height a
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this study involved continuing with
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is important to emphasize that the
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6.7 REFERENCES J. Carroll and N.E.
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Table 6.1: Disease variables consid
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Table 6.3: Least squares means ( ±
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Table 6.5: Reasons for death loss a
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CHAPTER 7: THE IMPACT OF BOVINE RES
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7.2 INTRODUCTION Bovine respiratory
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days following study enrolment than
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Age at First Calving Since age at f
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(Weaning, Transition, Grower 1, Gro
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The excluded source farm resulted i
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of calves with BRD60 survived to fi
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7.4.8 Milk Production First Test Da
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BRD before 6 months of age decrease
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BRD following movement to group hou
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calves with BRD60 were 1.5 (95% CI:
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7.7 REFERENCES Correa, M. T., C. R.
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Table 7.1: Calving Ease Scoring Sys
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Table 7.3: Least-square means (± S
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Table 7.5: Proportion of calves sur
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Table 7.7: Producers primary reason
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Table 7.9: Effect of BRD60 on calvi
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Table 7.11: Distribution of heifers
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Figure 7.2: Difference in least squ
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Figure 7.4: Time to event analysis
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CHAPTER 8: CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE R
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Heifers with poor post-weaning grow
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strategic antimicrobial use was met
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Specifically, How can disease sever
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Does transportation, initial social
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