Stanton PhD Thesis final_docx - Atrium - University of Guelph

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Total lying time per day (hours) 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 Pre Pre- Weaning -22 -11 0 Transition 1 Indicates days calves calves calves were weighed 2 3 Plateau Days relative to weaning Figure 3.2: The total total total total total total lying lying lying lying lying lying duration per per per per per per day day day day day (hours) (mean (mean (mean ± standard standard standard standard standard standard deviation deviation deviation deviation deviation deviation ) ) ) ) ) ) for for for for for for for for for for calves calves calves calves calves calves (n (n (n (n (n (n (n = = = = = = 70) following following weaning weaning weaning weaning and and and relocation to a novel novel environmen environmen environment, t, and total lying lying lying duration per per per day day day day day by by by by by weight gain gain category in the first week post post-enrolment enrolment 4 83 5 6 7 8 Weight Gain Category 9 6.5 kg 10 11
Number of lying bouts per day 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Preweaning Transition -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Indicates day calves were weighed Plateau Days relative to weaning Figure 3.3: The average number of lying bouts (mean ± standard deviation ) per day for calves (n = 70) following weaning and relocation to a novel environment, and number of lying bouts per day by weight gain category in the first week post-enrolment 84 6.5 kg
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AN EVALUATION OF THE IMPACT OF MANA
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differences in weight gain or calf
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3.2.2 Experimental Study Design 68
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7.4.5 Culling and mortality prior t
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Table 6.5: Reasons for death loss a
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and season as fixed effects and for
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, which requires that “all calves
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ehaviour of dams challenged with LP
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In cattle, early disease detection
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increased rest and decreased appeti
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1.4.2 Nutritional Stressors Dairy c
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humans, the metabolic rate increase
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Without human intervention, calves
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average group size of three or four
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al., 2004). Group composition and g
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first is the addition of antibiotic
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viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) bovine
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1.7 CONCLUSION AND THESIS OBJECTIVE
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Buhman, M. J., L. J. Perino, M. L.
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Hemsworth, P. H., G. J. Coleman, J.
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Schein, M. W. and M. H. Fohrman. 19
Page 43 and 44: Waltner-Toews, D., S. W. Martin and
Page 45 and 46: ehavioural observations ( Borderas,
Page 47 and 48: and had access to ad libitum calf s
Page 49 and 50: may indicate abdominal discomfort,
Page 51 and 52: identified in 5% (40/788) of calves
Page 53 and 54: of diarrhea in calves on this farm
Page 55 and 56: The most common response to the vig
Page 57 and 58: at any observation period. For this
Page 59 and 60: 3 was associated with lower ADG rel
Page 61 and 62: of heifers to allow them to calve a
Page 63 and 64: 2.5 REFERENCES Al-Chaer, E. D. & Tr
Page 65 and 66: Panivivat, R., Kegley, E. B., Penni
Page 67 and 68: Table 2.2: List of exclusions used
Page 69 and 70: Table 2.4: The lsmeans ± S.E. of t
Page 71 and 72: Figure 2.1: Timeline describing tri
Page 73 and 74: Proportion of calves performing beh
Page 75 and 76: in a lower rate of vocalizations an
Page 77 and 78: sites. During the summer months bot
Page 79 and 80: treatment and weight gain category.
Page 81 and 82: pre-weaning calf starter intake, an
Page 83 and 84: Calves spent a total of 13 ± 6 (me
Page 85 and 86: calves were still allowed access to
Page 87 and 88: It was hypothesized that the more t
Page 89 and 90: calves to consume sufficient calf s
Page 91 and 92: Table 3.1: Descriptive list of obse
Page 93: Number of steps per day 7000 6000 5
Page 97 and 98: Weight gain (kgs) first 7 days post
Page 99 and 100: The concept of separating stressors
Page 101 and 102: were bedded with straw. While house
Page 103 and 104: 4.2.5 Data Collection Calf starter
Page 105 and 106: 4.3 RESULTS enrolment. On average,
Page 107 and 108: 4.3 DISCUSSION There was no effect
Page 109 and 110: 4.4 REFERENCES Chua, B., E. Coenen,
Page 111 and 112: Steps per day 2500 2000 1500 1000 5
Page 113 and 114: Appendix 4.1: Scoring sheet used fo
Page 115 and 116: positive for M. bovis and 4 differe
Page 117 and 118: feedlots (Van Donkersgoed, 1992). I
Page 119 and 120: protocol included the identificatio
Page 121 and 122: (cases) and two calves closest in a
Page 123 and 124: No statistical analysis was perform
Page 125 and 126: 5.4.3 Growth Three calves returned
Page 127 and 128: 5.4.4 Testing for Mycoplasma Of the
Page 129 and 130: may be an early sign of respiratory
Page 131 and 132: small number of unilateral ear droo
Page 133 and 134: evaluated for efficacy and carefull
Page 135 and 136: 5.6 REFERENCES Biddle, M. K., L. K.
Page 137 and 138: USDA. 2007. Dairy 2007, part II: Ch
Page 139 and 140: Table 5.2: Incidence and median age
Page 141 and 142: Table 5.4: Breakdown of the number
Page 143 and 144: Figure 5. 5.1: 1: Images taken from
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6.1 ABSTRACT Bovine respiratory dis
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efore entry into the milking herd o
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with bovine viral diarrhea (BVD). O
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6.3.3 Outcome Measures All calves w
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tests, or multiple partial F-tests,
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The effect of treatment on height a
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this study involved continuing with
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is important to emphasize that the
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6.7 REFERENCES J. Carroll and N.E.
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Table 6.1: Disease variables consid
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Table 6.3: Least squares means ( ±
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Table 6.5: Reasons for death loss a
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CHAPTER 7: THE IMPACT OF BOVINE RES
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7.2 INTRODUCTION Bovine respiratory
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days following study enrolment than
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Age at First Calving Since age at f
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(Weaning, Transition, Grower 1, Gro
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The excluded source farm resulted i
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of calves with BRD60 survived to fi
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7.4.8 Milk Production First Test Da
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BRD before 6 months of age decrease
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BRD following movement to group hou
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calves with BRD60 were 1.5 (95% CI:
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7.7 REFERENCES Correa, M. T., C. R.
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Table 7.1: Calving Ease Scoring Sys
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Table 7.3: Least-square means (± S
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Table 7.5: Proportion of calves sur
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Table 7.7: Producers primary reason
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Table 7.9: Effect of BRD60 on calvi
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Table 7.11: Distribution of heifers
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Figure 7.2: Difference in least squ
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Figure 7.4: Time to event analysis
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CHAPTER 8: CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE R
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Heifers with poor post-weaning grow
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strategic antimicrobial use was met
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Specifically, How can disease sever
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Does transportation, initial social
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Stanton PhD Thesis final_docx - Atrium - University of Guelph

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