Stanton PhD Thesis final_docx - Atrium - University of Guelph

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Table 5.3: Incidence of health events for calves sampled for Mycoplasma at 0, 2 and 4 weeks of age. Health Condition Health conditions with 1 positive culture of Mycoplasma at 2 or 4 weeks old (n = 17) Health conditions in Mycoplasma negative calves (n = 49) 129 P-Values Diarrhea 1 14/17 (82%) 45/49 (92%) 0.36 Ear Droop 10/17 (59%) 39/49 (78%) 0.11 Fever 2 1/17 (6%) 7/49 (14%) 0.67 BRD 3 1/17 (6%) 1/49 (2%) 0.45 Lameness 4 0/17 (0%) 2/49 (4%) 1.0 Navel ill 1/17 (6%) 2/49 (4%) 1.0 FPT 5 0/17 (0%) 5/49 (10%) 0.32 No health conditions 2/17 (12%) 3/49 (6%) 0.60 1 Diarrhea: Neonatal Calf Diarrhea Complex 2 Fever: Non-specific Fever 3: BRD: Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex 4 Lameness: Non-specific Lameness 5 FPT: Failure of Passive Transfer
Table 5.4: Breakdown of the number of positive M. Bovis samples collected from calves at repeated intervals (0, 2, and 4) by source farm and strain type Farm Sample Types Proportion of calves with Strain M.Bovis Freezer positive Mycoplasma (strain Death samples (pos/n sampled) A B C D unknown) 1 Repeated 22% (8/36) 2 - - 1 4 1 2 Repeated 20% (3/15) 1 - 1 - - 1 3 Repeated 38% (3/8) - 1 - - 1 1 4 Repeated 60% (3/5) - 1 1 - - 1 5 Repeated 0% (0/2) - - - - - - TOTAL 66 3 2 2 1 5 4 130
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AN EVALUATION OF THE IMPACT OF MANA
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differences in weight gain or calf
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3.2.2 Experimental Study Design 68
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7.4.5 Culling and mortality prior t
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Table 6.5: Reasons for death loss a
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and season as fixed effects and for
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, which requires that “all calves
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ehaviour of dams challenged with LP
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In cattle, early disease detection
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increased rest and decreased appeti
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1.4.2 Nutritional Stressors Dairy c
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humans, the metabolic rate increase
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Without human intervention, calves
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average group size of three or four
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al., 2004). Group composition and g
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first is the addition of antibiotic
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viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) bovine
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1.7 CONCLUSION AND THESIS OBJECTIVE
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Buhman, M. J., L. J. Perino, M. L.
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Hemsworth, P. H., G. J. Coleman, J.
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Schein, M. W. and M. H. Fohrman. 19
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Waltner-Toews, D., S. W. Martin and
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ehavioural observations ( Borderas,
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and had access to ad libitum calf s
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may indicate abdominal discomfort,
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identified in 5% (40/788) of calves
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of diarrhea in calves on this farm
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The most common response to the vig
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at any observation period. For this
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3 was associated with lower ADG rel
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of heifers to allow them to calve a
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2.5 REFERENCES Al-Chaer, E. D. & Tr
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Panivivat, R., Kegley, E. B., Penni
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Table 2.2: List of exclusions used
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Table 2.4: The lsmeans ± S.E. of t
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Figure 2.1: Timeline describing tri
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Proportion of calves performing beh
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in a lower rate of vocalizations an
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sites. During the summer months bot
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treatment and weight gain category.
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pre-weaning calf starter intake, an
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Calves spent a total of 13 ± 6 (me
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calves were still allowed access to
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It was hypothesized that the more t
Page 89 and 90: calves to consume sufficient calf s
Page 91 and 92: Table 3.1: Descriptive list of obse
Page 93 and 94: Number of steps per day 7000 6000 5
Page 95 and 96: Number of lying bouts per day 35 30
Page 97 and 98: Weight gain (kgs) first 7 days post
Page 99 and 100: The concept of separating stressors
Page 101 and 102: were bedded with straw. While house
Page 103 and 104: 4.2.5 Data Collection Calf starter
Page 105 and 106: 4.3 RESULTS enrolment. On average,
Page 107 and 108: 4.3 DISCUSSION There was no effect
Page 109 and 110: 4.4 REFERENCES Chua, B., E. Coenen,
Page 111 and 112: Steps per day 2500 2000 1500 1000 5
Page 113 and 114: Appendix 4.1: Scoring sheet used fo
Page 115 and 116: positive for M. bovis and 4 differe
Page 117 and 118: feedlots (Van Donkersgoed, 1992). I
Page 119 and 120: protocol included the identificatio
Page 121 and 122: (cases) and two calves closest in a
Page 123 and 124: No statistical analysis was perform
Page 125 and 126: 5.4.3 Growth Three calves returned
Page 127 and 128: 5.4.4 Testing for Mycoplasma Of the
Page 129 and 130: may be an early sign of respiratory
Page 131 and 132: small number of unilateral ear droo
Page 133 and 134: evaluated for efficacy and carefull
Page 135 and 136: 5.6 REFERENCES Biddle, M. K., L. K.
Page 137 and 138: USDA. 2007. Dairy 2007, part II: Ch
Page 139: Table 5.2: Incidence and median age
Page 143 and 144: Figure 5. 5.1: 1: Images taken from
Page 145 and 146: 6.1 ABSTRACT Bovine respiratory dis
Page 147 and 148: efore entry into the milking herd o
Page 149 and 150: with bovine viral diarrhea (BVD). O
Page 151 and 152: 6.3.3 Outcome Measures All calves w
Page 153 and 154: tests, or multiple partial F-tests,
Page 155 and 156: The effect of treatment on height a
Page 157 and 158: this study involved continuing with
Page 159 and 160: is important to emphasize that the
Page 161 and 162: 6.7 REFERENCES J. Carroll and N.E.
Page 163 and 164: Table 6.1: Disease variables consid
Page 165 and 166: Table 6.3: Least squares means ( ±
Page 167 and 168: Table 6.5: Reasons for death loss a
Page 169 and 170: CHAPTER 7: THE IMPACT OF BOVINE RES
Page 171 and 172: 7.2 INTRODUCTION Bovine respiratory
Page 173 and 174: days following study enrolment than
Page 175 and 176: Age at First Calving Since age at f
Page 177 and 178: (Weaning, Transition, Grower 1, Gro
Page 179 and 180: The excluded source farm resulted i
Page 181 and 182: of calves with BRD60 survived to fi
Page 183 and 184: 7.4.8 Milk Production First Test Da
Page 185 and 186: BRD before 6 months of age decrease
Page 187 and 188: BRD following movement to group hou
Page 189 and 190: calves with BRD60 were 1.5 (95% CI:
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7.7 REFERENCES Correa, M. T., C. R.
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Table 7.1: Calving Ease Scoring Sys
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Table 7.3: Least-square means (± S
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Table 7.5: Proportion of calves sur
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Table 7.7: Producers primary reason
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Table 7.9: Effect of BRD60 on calvi
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Table 7.11: Distribution of heifers
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Figure 7.2: Difference in least squ
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Figure 7.4: Time to event analysis
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CHAPTER 8: CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE R
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Heifers with poor post-weaning grow
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strategic antimicrobial use was met
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Specifically, How can disease sever
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Does transportation, initial social
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Stanton PhD Thesis final_docx - Atrium - University of Guelph

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