Stanton PhD Thesis final_docx - Atrium - University of Guelph

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Table 2.5: Proportional responses <strong>of</strong> diarrhea and control calves to the observer during vigilance testing Response Control Calves Diarrhea P-value Face 89% (42/47) 77% (176/229) 0.06* Pr<strong>of</strong>ile 2% (1/47) 11% (26/229) 0.06* Escape 4% (2/47) < 1% (1/229) 0.08 ψ Ignore 4% (2/47) 11% (26/229) 0.14 ψ * P-value is based on statistical results from chi-square test Ψ P-value is based on statistical results from Fisher’s exact test 59
Figure 2.1: Timeline describing trial milestones and behavioral observations, with average ages (mean ± s.d.) at observation and measurements 60
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AN EVALUATION OF THE IMPACT OF MANA
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differences in weight gain or calf
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3.2.2 Experimental Study Design 68
Page 7 and 8:
7.4.5 Culling and mortality prior t
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Table 6.5: Reasons for death loss a
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and season as fixed effects and for
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, which requires that “all calves
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ehaviour of dams challenged with LP
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In cattle, early disease detection
Page 19 and 20: increased rest and decreased appeti
Page 21 and 22: 1.4.2 Nutritional Stressors Dairy c
Page 23 and 24: humans, the metabolic rate increase
Page 25 and 26: Without human intervention, calves
Page 27 and 28: average group size of three or four
Page 29 and 30: al., 2004). Group composition and g
Page 31 and 32: first is the addition of antibiotic
Page 33 and 34: viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) bovine
Page 35 and 36: 1.7 CONCLUSION AND THESIS OBJECTIVE
Page 37 and 38: Buhman, M. J., L. J. Perino, M. L.
Page 39 and 40: Hemsworth, P. H., G. J. Coleman, J.
Page 41 and 42: Schein, M. W. and M. H. Fohrman. 19
Page 43 and 44: Waltner-Toews, D., S. W. Martin and
Page 45 and 46: ehavioural observations ( Borderas,
Page 47 and 48: and had access to ad libitum calf s
Page 49 and 50: may indicate abdominal discomfort,
Page 51 and 52: identified in 5% (40/788) of calves
Page 53 and 54: of diarrhea in calves on this farm
Page 55 and 56: The most common response to the vig
Page 57 and 58: at any observation period. For this
Page 59 and 60: 3 was associated with lower ADG rel
Page 61 and 62: of heifers to allow them to calve a
Page 63 and 64: 2.5 REFERENCES Al-Chaer, E. D. & Tr
Page 65 and 66: Panivivat, R., Kegley, E. B., Penni
Page 67 and 68: Table 2.2: List of exclusions used
Page 69: Table 2.4: The lsmeans ± S.E. of t
Page 73 and 74: Proportion of calves performing beh
Page 75 and 76: in a lower rate of vocalizations an
Page 77 and 78: sites. During the summer months bot
Page 79 and 80: treatment and weight gain category.
Page 81 and 82: pre-weaning calf starter intake, an
Page 83 and 84: Calves spent a total of 13 ± 6 (me
Page 85 and 86: calves were still allowed access to
Page 87 and 88: It was hypothesized that the more t
Page 89 and 90: calves to consume sufficient calf s
Page 91 and 92: Table 3.1: Descriptive list of obse
Page 93 and 94: Number of steps per day 7000 6000 5
Page 95 and 96: Number of lying bouts per day 35 30
Page 97 and 98: Weight gain (kgs) first 7 days post
Page 99 and 100: The concept of separating stressors
Page 101 and 102: were bedded with straw. While house
Page 103 and 104: 4.2.5 Data Collection Calf starter
Page 105 and 106: 4.3 RESULTS enrolment. On average,
Page 107 and 108: 4.3 DISCUSSION There was no effect
Page 109 and 110: 4.4 REFERENCES Chua, B., E. Coenen,
Page 111 and 112: Steps per day 2500 2000 1500 1000 5
Page 113 and 114: Appendix 4.1: Scoring sheet used fo
Page 115 and 116: positive for M. bovis and 4 differe
Page 117 and 118: feedlots (Van Donkersgoed, 1992). I
Page 119 and 120: protocol included the identificatio
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(cases) and two calves closest in a
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No statistical analysis was perform
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5.4.3 Growth Three calves returned
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5.4.4 Testing for Mycoplasma Of the
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may be an early sign of respiratory
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small number of unilateral ear droo
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evaluated for efficacy and carefull
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5.6 REFERENCES Biddle, M. K., L. K.
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USDA. 2007. Dairy 2007, part II: Ch
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Table 5.2: Incidence and median age
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Table 5.4: Breakdown of the number
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Figure 5. 5.1: 1: Images taken from
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6.1 ABSTRACT Bovine respiratory dis
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efore entry into the milking herd o
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with bovine viral diarrhea (BVD). O
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6.3.3 Outcome Measures All calves w
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tests, or multiple partial F-tests,
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The effect of treatment on height a
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this study involved continuing with
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is important to emphasize that the
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6.7 REFERENCES J. Carroll and N.E.
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Table 6.1: Disease variables consid
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Table 6.3: Least squares means ( ±
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Table 6.5: Reasons for death loss a
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CHAPTER 7: THE IMPACT OF BOVINE RES
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7.2 INTRODUCTION Bovine respiratory
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days following study enrolment than
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Age at First Calving Since age at f
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(Weaning, Transition, Grower 1, Gro
Page 179 and 180:
The excluded source farm resulted i
Page 181 and 182:
of calves with BRD60 survived to fi
Page 183 and 184:
7.4.8 Milk Production First Test Da
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BRD before 6 months of age decrease
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BRD following movement to group hou
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calves with BRD60 were 1.5 (95% CI:
Page 191 and 192:
7.7 REFERENCES Correa, M. T., C. R.
Page 193 and 194:
Table 7.1: Calving Ease Scoring Sys
Page 195 and 196:
Table 7.3: Least-square means (± S
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Table 7.5: Proportion of calves sur
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Table 7.7: Producers primary reason
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Table 7.9: Effect of BRD60 on calvi
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Table 7.11: Distribution of heifers
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Figure 7.2: Difference in least squ
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Figure 7.4: Time to event analysis
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CHAPTER 8: CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE R
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Heifers with poor post-weaning grow
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strategic antimicrobial use was met
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Specifically, How can disease sever
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Does transportation, initial social
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