Stanton PhD Thesis final_docx - Atrium - University of Guelph

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Tsigos, C. and G. Chrousos. 2002. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, neuroendocrine factors and stress. J. Psychosom. 53:865-871. USDA. 2010a. Beef 2007–08, Part V: Reference of Beef Cow-Calf Management Practices in the United States. USDA–APHIS–VS,CEAH., Fort Collins, CO. #532.0410. USDA. 2010b. Dairy 2007, Heifer Calf Health and Management Practices on U.S. Dairy Operations, 2007. USDA:APHIS:VS, CEAH., Fort Collins, CO. #550.0110. USDA. 2009. Dairy 2007, Part IV: Reference of Dairy Cattle Health and Management Practices in the United States, 2007. 2007th ed. USDA:APHIS:VS, CEAH., Fort Collins, CO. #N494.0209. USDA. 2007. Dairy 2007, Part I: Reference of Dairy Cattle Health and Management Practices in the United States. 2007 USDA-APHIS-VS, CEAH., Fort Collins, CO. #N480.1007. USDA. 2000. Part III: Health management and biosecurity in U.S. feedlots, 1999. USDA:APHIS:VS, CEAH, National Animal Health Monitoring System. Fort Collins, CO. #N336.1200. van der Fels-Klerx, H. J., J. T. Sorensen, A. W. Jalvingh and R. B. Huirne. 2001. An economic model to calculate farm-specific losses due to bovine respiratory disease in dairy heifers. Prev. Vet. Med. 51:75-94. Van Donkersgoed, J., C. Ribble, L. G. Boyer and H. Townsend. 1993. Epidemiological study of enzootic pneumonia in dairy calves in Saskatchewan. Can J Vet Res. 57:247-254. Veissier, I., A. Boissy, A. M. dePassille, J. Rushen, C. G. van Reenen, S. Roussel, S. Andanson and P. Pradel. 2001. Calves' responses to repeated social regrouping and relocation. J. Anim. Sci. 79:2580-2593. Veissier, I., D. Lamy and P. Le Neindre. 1990. Social behaviour in domestic beef cattle when yearling calves are left with the cows for the next calving. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 27:193-200. Virtala, A. M. K., G. D. Mechor and Y. T. Grohn. 1996. The effect of calfhood diseases on growth of female dairy calves during the first 3 months of life in New York State. Journal of Dairy Science. 79:1040-1049. Vitale, . 1986. Social behaviour of the calves of semi-wild maremma cattle, bos primigenius taurus. Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 16:217. von Keyserlingk, M. A. G., L. Brusius and D. M. Weary. 2004. Competition for teats and feeding behavior by group-housed dairy calves. J. Dairy Sci. 87:4190-4194. 31
Waltner-Toews, D., S. W. Martin and A. H. Meek. 1986. The effect of early calfhood health status on survivorship and age at first calving. Can. J. Vet. Res. 50:314-317. Warnick, L. D., H. N. Erb and M. E. White. 1994. The association of calfhood morbidity with first-lactation calving age and dystocia in new york holstein herds. Kenya Vet. 18:177-179. Weary, D. M., J. M. Huzzey and M. A. G. von Keyserlingk. 2009. BOARD-INVITED REVIEW: Using behavior to predict and identify ill health in animals. J. Anim. Sci. 87:770-777. Wood-Gush, D. G. M., K. Hunt, K. Carson and S. G. C. Dennison. 1984. The early behaviour of suckler calves in the field. Biol. Behav. 9:295-306. Yates, W. D. 1984. A review of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, shipping fever pneumonia and viral-bacterial synergism in respiratory disease of cattle. Can J Comp Med. 46:225-263. 32
Page 1 and 2: AN EVALUATION OF THE IMPACT OF MANA
Page 3 and 4: differences in weight gain or calf
Page 5 and 6: 3.2.2 Experimental Study Design 68
Page 7 and 8: 7.4.5 Culling and mortality prior t
Page 9 and 10: Table 6.5: Reasons for death loss a
Page 11 and 12: and season as fixed effects and for
Page 13 and 14: , which requires that “all calves
Page 15 and 16: ehaviour of dams challenged with LP
Page 17 and 18: In cattle, early disease detection
Page 19 and 20: increased rest and decreased appeti
Page 21 and 22: 1.4.2 Nutritional Stressors Dairy c
Page 23 and 24: humans, the metabolic rate increase
Page 25 and 26: Without human intervention, calves
Page 27 and 28: average group size of three or four
Page 29 and 30: al., 2004). Group composition and g
Page 31 and 32: first is the addition of antibiotic
Page 33 and 34: viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) bovine
Page 35 and 36: 1.7 CONCLUSION AND THESIS OBJECTIVE
Page 37 and 38: Buhman, M. J., L. J. Perino, M. L.
Page 39 and 40: Hemsworth, P. H., G. J. Coleman, J.
Page 41: Schein, M. W. and M. H. Fohrman. 19
Page 45 and 46: ehavioural observations ( Borderas,
Page 47 and 48: and had access to ad libitum calf s
Page 49 and 50: may indicate abdominal discomfort,
Page 51 and 52: identified in 5% (40/788) of calves
Page 53 and 54: of diarrhea in calves on this farm
Page 55 and 56: The most common response to the vig
Page 57 and 58: at any observation period. For this
Page 59 and 60: 3 was associated with lower ADG rel
Page 61 and 62: of heifers to allow them to calve a
Page 63 and 64: 2.5 REFERENCES Al-Chaer, E. D. & Tr
Page 65 and 66: Panivivat, R., Kegley, E. B., Penni
Page 67 and 68: Table 2.2: List of exclusions used
Page 69 and 70: Table 2.4: The lsmeans ± S.E. of t
Page 71 and 72: Figure 2.1: Timeline describing tri
Page 73 and 74: Proportion of calves performing beh
Page 75 and 76: in a lower rate of vocalizations an
Page 77 and 78: sites. During the summer months bot
Page 79 and 80: treatment and weight gain category.
Page 81 and 82: pre-weaning calf starter intake, an
Page 83 and 84: Calves spent a total of 13 ± 6 (me
Page 85 and 86: calves were still allowed access to
Page 87 and 88: It was hypothesized that the more t
Page 89 and 90: calves to consume sufficient calf s
Page 91 and 92: Table 3.1: Descriptive list of obse
Page 93 and 94:
Number of steps per day 7000 6000 5
Page 95 and 96:
Number of lying bouts per day 35 30
Page 97 and 98:
Weight gain (kgs) first 7 days post
Page 99 and 100:
The concept of separating stressors
Page 101 and 102:
were bedded with straw. While house
Page 103 and 104:
4.2.5 Data Collection Calf starter
Page 105 and 106:
4.3 RESULTS enrolment. On average,
Page 107 and 108:
4.3 DISCUSSION There was no effect
Page 109 and 110:
4.4 REFERENCES Chua, B., E. Coenen,
Page 111 and 112:
Steps per day 2500 2000 1500 1000 5
Page 113 and 114:
Appendix 4.1: Scoring sheet used fo
Page 115 and 116:
positive for M. bovis and 4 differe
Page 117 and 118:
feedlots (Van Donkersgoed, 1992). I
Page 119 and 120:
protocol included the identificatio
Page 121 and 122:
(cases) and two calves closest in a
Page 123 and 124:
No statistical analysis was perform
Page 125 and 126:
5.4.3 Growth Three calves returned
Page 127 and 128:
5.4.4 Testing for Mycoplasma Of the
Page 129 and 130:
may be an early sign of respiratory
Page 131 and 132:
small number of unilateral ear droo
Page 133 and 134:
evaluated for efficacy and carefull
Page 135 and 136:
5.6 REFERENCES Biddle, M. K., L. K.
Page 137 and 138:
USDA. 2007. Dairy 2007, part II: Ch
Page 139 and 140:
Table 5.2: Incidence and median age
Page 141 and 142:
Table 5.4: Breakdown of the number
Page 143 and 144:
Figure 5. 5.1: 1: Images taken from
Page 145 and 146:
6.1 ABSTRACT Bovine respiratory dis
Page 147 and 148:
efore entry into the milking herd o
Page 149 and 150:
with bovine viral diarrhea (BVD). O
Page 151 and 152:
6.3.3 Outcome Measures All calves w
Page 153 and 154:
tests, or multiple partial F-tests,
Page 155 and 156:
The effect of treatment on height a
Page 157 and 158:
this study involved continuing with
Page 159 and 160:
is important to emphasize that the
Page 161 and 162:
6.7 REFERENCES J. Carroll and N.E.
Page 163 and 164:
Table 6.1: Disease variables consid
Page 165 and 166:
Table 6.3: Least squares means ( ±
Page 167 and 168:
Table 6.5: Reasons for death loss a
Page 169 and 170:
CHAPTER 7: THE IMPACT OF BOVINE RES
Page 171 and 172:
7.2 INTRODUCTION Bovine respiratory
Page 173 and 174:
days following study enrolment than
Page 175 and 176:
Age at First Calving Since age at f
Page 177 and 178:
(Weaning, Transition, Grower 1, Gro
Page 179 and 180:
The excluded source farm resulted i
Page 181 and 182:
of calves with BRD60 survived to fi
Page 183 and 184:
7.4.8 Milk Production First Test Da
Page 185 and 186:
BRD before 6 months of age decrease
Page 187 and 188:
BRD following movement to group hou
Page 189 and 190:
calves with BRD60 were 1.5 (95% CI:
Page 191 and 192:
7.7 REFERENCES Correa, M. T., C. R.
Page 193 and 194:
Table 7.1: Calving Ease Scoring Sys
Page 195 and 196:
Table 7.3: Least-square means (± S
Page 197 and 198:
Table 7.5: Proportion of calves sur
Page 199 and 200:
Table 7.7: Producers primary reason
Page 201 and 202:
Table 7.9: Effect of BRD60 on calvi
Page 203 and 204:
Table 7.11: Distribution of heifers
Page 205 and 206:
Figure 7.2: Difference in least squ
Page 207 and 208:
Figure 7.4: Time to event analysis
Page 209 and 210:
CHAPTER 8: CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE R
Page 211 and 212:
Heifers with poor post-weaning grow
Page 213 and 214:
strategic antimicrobial use was met
Page 215 and 216:
Specifically, How can disease sever
Page 217 and 218:
Does transportation, initial social
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