Stanton PhD Thesis final_docx - Atrium - University of Guelph

Table 2.3: Prevalence of behavioral responses among 692 milk-fed individually housed heifer
calves at a commercial heifer raising facility at three observation periods (average age 10, 24 and
38 days, respectively) with the odds of the response occurring at period 2 and 3, relative to
period 1, controlling for calf as a random effect.
Behavioural
Measures
Lying Posture
Ventral Lying
Short Lying
Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 P-value
53% (370) 40% (277) 28% (195) < 0.001
9% (59) 2% (11) 1% (8) < 0.001
Neck Extended < 1% (2) 1% (6) 1% (4) 0.40
Lateral Lying 1% (5) < 1% (1) < 1% (1) 0.16
Not lying
37% (256) 57% (397) 70% (485) < 0.001
Standing Posture
Normal Posture 97% (671) 97% (666) 96% (665) 0.59
Statue Standing 2% (14) 2% (17) 3% (20) 0.59
Neck Below Chest 1% (4) 1% (6) 1% (7) 0.66
Vigilance Test
Face
Profile
Escape
80% (554) 91% (627) 92% (634) < 0.001
11% (79) 6% (39) 6% (42) < 0.001
1% (8) 3% (20) 1% (5) 0.006
Ignore
7% (51) 1% (6) 1% (9) < 0.001
Human Approach Test
Approach
52% (359) 63% (436) 63% (439) < 0.001
No Approach
Lethargy
48% (333) 37% (256) 37% (254)
0
41% (284) 61% (422) 74% (514) < 0.001
1
2
3+
3% (18) 6% (42) 5% (38) = 0.01
8% (53) 16% (113) 11% (80) < 0.001
49% (337) 17% (115) 9% (61) < 0.001
57
Odds Ratio
(Confidence Interval)
Period 2 Period 3
0.6
(0.5-0.7)
0.2
(0.1-0.3)
2.3
(1.9-2.9)
2.4
(1.8-3.3)
0.5
(0.3-0.7)
2.6
(1.1-5.8)
0.1
(0.1-0.3)
1.6
(1.3-2.0)
2.3
(1.8-2.8)
2.4
(1.4-3.9)
2.4
(1.7-3.3)
0.2
(0.2-0.3)
0.3
(0.3-0.4)
0.1
(0.1-0.3)
4.0
(3.2-5.0)
2.7
(1.9-3.7)
0.5
(0.3-0.7)
0.6
(0.2-1.9)
0.2
(0.1-0.3)
1.6
(1.3-2.0)
4.2
(3.3-5.3)
2.2
(1.2-3.9)
1.6
(1.1-2.3)
0.1
(0.1-0.1)