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emotional 24 wellness Reading Between The Lies How can we tell who’s lying, who’s not? Research shows that the face will betray the deceiver’s true emotion, but not in the stereotypical ways we think. Detecting liars is a tricky business and one that many people aren’t particularly good at. But it’s not the shifty eyes or sweaty brow or an elongated nose (à la Pinocchio) that we should look for. Researchers from the Stephen Porter’s Forensic Psychology Lab at Dalhousie University have found that the face of the person lying will betray their true emotion, but a bit differently from what we would think of. There are other elements of a liar’s face that will give them away, ‘cracking’ briefly and allowing displays of true emotion to leak on to the face. “The face and its musculature are so complex, so much more complex than anywhere else in our external bodies,” says researcher Leanne ten Brinke. “There are some muscles in the face you can’t control... and those muscles won’t be activated in the absence of genuine emotion - you just can’t do it.” Adds Dr Stephen Porter, “If someone is telling a really important lie in which the consequences are dire, say life imprisonment, the lie will be revealed anyway. Because unlike body language, you can’t monitor or completely control what’s going on your face. This research was the first detailed experimental demonstration of the secrets revealed when people put on a ‘false face’, faking or inhibiting various universal emotions.” In 1872 Charles Darwin had noted that there are certain specific facial actions that cannot be created just because we want them to. Facial actions are involuntarily expressed as a result of a genuine emotion. Darwin had written, “A man when moderately angry, or even when enraged, may command the movements of his body, but those muscles of the face which are least obedient to the will, will sometimes alone betray a slight and passing emotion.” The researchers decided to test this. They enlisted adult participants to view images that ranged from happy (puppies playing) to fearful (a close-up of open-mouthed rabid dog) and disgusting (a severed hand) and were instructed to respond with genuine or deceptive emotional expressions. So, for example, they’d be directed to smile when viewing the severed-hand photo. Their reactions were watched and judged by other volunteer observers, who could not see the corresponding images, and recorded on video. The 697 emotion clips were exhaustively analysed frame by frame for more than 100,000 frames. The results were that no one participant was able to falsify emotions perfectly. Odd or out-of-place expressions, such as smirking or rapid blinking in a supposedly sad face, were more likely to show up when the participant was attempting to be deceptive. Some emotions were harder to falsify than others: Happiness was easier to fake than disgust or fear. The researchers were able to discern rare ‘microexpressions’, flashes of true emotion that show briefly, from one-fifth to one-25th of a second, on the faces of participants when instructed to deceive. “The facial expression appears to crack and another emotion leaks on the face, however briefly,” says Brinke. “When you see a facial expression like this, you’ve got to probe with yourwellness.com
25 - Louis MacNeice You can't express emotion without giving information. questions to find out why the person is feeling this way.” The authors noted that most flashes of inconsistent emotion usually showed in either the upper or lower face only. Further, meaningless muscle twitches sometimes occurred even in genuine expressions, meaning that correct interpretation can only occur by following up with the right questions. “There are all kinds of potential applications for this research, from our daily lives to settings like police interrogations, security checks in airports and courtrooms,” says Dr Porter. “We’re just so sick of being lied to!” yourwellness.com
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