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AlitInform 50

“ALITinform” is a periodical that covers different aspects in production and applications of cement, concrete, and dry building mixtures. Pages of this journal offer contributions from leading Russian and International scientists, technologists and leading professionals, news from the stock markets, research laboratories, latest elaborations by producers and suppliers of modern building materials and equipment. The magazine goal is to unite on its pages the articles of the leading Russian and International specialists in the field of cement, concrete, dry building mixtures; latest news of the Russian and world building materials market, the traditions of peer-reviewed Russian scientific magazines and innovative informational approach of the contemporary printed media. The prime focus is on developments serving the purpose of rationalization of production, reduction of energy consumption, enhancement of quality and improvement of environmental safety. _______________________________________

“ALITinform” is a periodical that covers different aspects in production and applications of cement, concrete, and dry building mixtures. Pages of this journal offer contributions from leading Russian and International scientists, technologists and leading professionals, news from the stock markets, research laboratories, latest elaborations by producers and suppliers of modern building materials and equipment.

The magazine goal is to unite on its pages the articles of the leading Russian and International specialists in the field of cement, concrete, dry building mixtures; latest news of the Russian and world building materials market, the traditions of peer-reviewed Russian scientific magazines and innovative informational approach of the contemporary printed media. The prime focus is on developments serving the purpose of rationalization of production, reduction of energy consumption, enhancement of quality and improvement of environmental safety.
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concrete | бетон<br />

Fig. 2. Detail of a lightweight concrete fair faced surface in LC12/13-optic (left), part of the building (right) [6]<br />

Рис. 2. Элемент декоративной поверхности легкого бетона LC12/13-optic (слева), часть здания (справа) [6]<br />

Concrete composition<br />

It is often hard to distinguish on a first glance just<br />

from the concrete surface between common structural<br />

lightweight and normal weight concrete, since the main<br />

difference is the replacement of the normal aggregate (e.g.<br />

quarzitic gravel) against lightweight aggregate (LWA) such<br />

as expanded shale or expanded clay, which is not visible<br />

at the surface. In cases, where thermal insulation is not<br />

relevant, the replacement is limited to the coarse aggregate<br />

even down to a density class D1.4 (blue circles in Fig. 3).<br />

Here, natural sand comprises the fine aggregate. Such<br />

lightweight concretes are predominantly used for civil<br />

engineering projects such as bridges, for slabs or internal<br />

walls in offices and living quarters as well as for precast<br />

elements such as bigger garages. Lowering the weight is in<br />

the foreground in all these applications. Such lightweight<br />

concretes will be ignored in the following considerations.<br />

The replacement of the natural sand by lightweight<br />

sand yields an additional reduction in concrete dry density<br />

of approximately 200 kg/m3 (empty orange diamonds in<br />

Fig. 3). A further benefit of the lightweight sand is an<br />

essentially improved thermal property which opens new<br />

fields of application to these so called pure lightweight<br />

concretes, since the lightweight aggregates yield a lower<br />

thermal conductivity as compared to normal aggregates.<br />

The pure lightweight concretes can be further optimized,<br />

if one makes use of the means concrete technology offers<br />

today (modern superplasticizers and supplementary<br />

cementitious materials and incorporates expanded glass<br />

as LWA for very low densities (orange squares in Fig. 3).<br />

The performance differences of the three aforementioned<br />

types of lightweight concrete with respect to strength are<br />

clearly depicted in Fig. 3. The values kind of reflect the<br />

technical limits. Reducing the density lowers the strength,<br />

but it also goes along with a lower thermal conductivity.<br />

Fig. 4 displays the correlation between dry concrete<br />

density and thermal conductivity. It becomes clear that<br />

reducing concrete density yields an advantage in the<br />

thermal design of a building. Both aspects — strength<br />

and thermal conductivity — play an important role<br />

Состав бетона<br />

Нередко при первом осмотре бетонных поверхностей<br />

сложно заметить различия между декоративным<br />

легким бетоном и тяжелым бетоном, так<br />

как основное отличие заключается в замене обычного<br />

заполнителя (например, кварцевого гравия) на легкий<br />

заполнитель (ЛЗ): вспученный сланец или керамзит,<br />

которые не видны на поверхности. В случаях, когда<br />

требования по обеспечению теплоизоляции не являются<br />

ключевым фактором, заменяется только крупный<br />

заполнитель вплоть до класса по плотности D1.4<br />

(синие круги на рис. 3), а в качестве мелкого заполнителя<br />

используется природный песок. Легкие бетоны<br />

данного вида применяются в основном в гражданском<br />

строительстве, например мостов, для отделки<br />

внутренних стен в офисах и жилых помещениях, а<br />

также в качестве сборных элементов, например, при<br />

строительстве больших гаражей. Для всех областей<br />

применения приоритетом является снижение объемного<br />

веса бетона. Далее легкие бетоны такого вида<br />

рассматриваться в данной статье не будут.<br />

Замена природного песка на легкий приводит<br />

к дополнительному снижению средней плотности<br />

бетона в сухом состоянии примерно до 200 кг/м3<br />

(пустые оранжевые ромбы на рис. 3). Еще одно преимущество<br />

легкого бетона — это значительное улучшение<br />

теплозащитных свойств, что открывает новые<br />

возможности использования так называемых чистых<br />

легких бетонов, поскольку введение легких заполнителей<br />

приводит к более низкой теплопроводности по<br />

сравнению с обычными. Дальнейшая оптимизация<br />

состава «чистых» легких бетонов возможна с помощью<br />

современных технологий (современные суперпластификаторы,<br />

активные минеральные добавки<br />

и гранулированное пеностекло, используемое в качестве<br />

ЛЗ из-за его чрезвычайно низкой плотности<br />

(оранжевые квадраты на рис. 3). Различия в показателях<br />

прочности трех перечисленных выше видов<br />

легкого бетона показаны на рис. 3. Эти значения в<br />

определенной степени отражают пределы технических<br />

показателей. Снижение плотности приводит<br />

“ALITinform” International Analytical Review No. 1 (<strong>50</strong>) 2018<br />

21

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