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atw - International Journal for Nuclear Power | 06/07.2019

The atw reports on developments and trends in all major areas of nuclear power technology and the nuclear power industry. The international topicality and competence of its coverage make the atw monthly a valuable source of information and, in this way, also an important aid in decision making. Its rich background of reporting, and the contributions by competent authors make atw a valueable source of information.

The atw reports on developments and trends in all major areas of nuclear power technology and the nuclear power industry. The international topicality and competence of its coverage make the atw monthly a valuable source of information and, in this way, also an important aid in decision making. Its rich background of reporting, and the contributions by competent authors make atw a valueable source of information.

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<strong>atw</strong> Vol. 64 (2019) | Issue 6/7 ı June/July<br />

DECOMMISSIONING AND WASTE MANAGEMENT 364<br />

| | China: four nuclear power plants at one site,<br />

a common picture <strong>for</strong>m Chinas nuclear power programme.<br />

under different ministries, with different<br />

interests in developing nuclear<br />

power, leading to overlap of ef<strong>for</strong>t;<br />

and, (3) a con­tinuing developing<br />

nuclear legal framework, that is not<br />

yet as effective as it should be.<br />

The Chinese government has yet to<br />

adequately address the role of private<br />

investment in its civilian nuclear<br />

power program, and currently manages<br />

its operations through state owned<br />

enterprises. 18<br />

5.2.3 <strong>Nuclear</strong> waste<br />

management<br />

To maximize resources and reduce the<br />

amount of high-level waste requiring<br />

long-term disposal, China intends to<br />

engage in the reprocessing of spent<br />

fuel. Currently, spent fuel generated<br />

from nuclear power plants and research<br />

reactors are stored at the reactor<br />

site. Necessary funding <strong>for</strong> the<br />

storage and treatment of spent fuel, as<br />

well as the disposal of high-level<br />

waste, is conducted under the purview<br />

of the ‘Projects Management<br />

Methods of the Funds <strong>for</strong> Treatment<br />

and Disposal of Spent Fuel from<br />

<strong>Nuclear</strong> <strong>Power</strong> Plants’ [67]. To meet<br />

the cost of the back end of the nuclear<br />

fuel cycle, a “levy of CNY 2.6 cents/<br />

kWh [is imposed] from the fifth year<br />

of commercial operation of each<br />

reactor” [68].<br />

5.2.3.1 Permanent disposal<br />

As previously mentioned, spent<br />

nuclear fuel management in China is<br />

to be conducted in a series of three<br />

stages: (Stage 1) the reprocessing of<br />

the spent nuclear fuel, (Stage 2)<br />

­vitrification, and (Stage 3) permanent<br />

disposal in a suitable geologic repository.<br />

The concept <strong>for</strong> storing this<br />

­vitrified high-level waste “is a shaft-­<br />

tunnel model, located in saturated<br />

zones in granite” [66]. China’s highlevel<br />

waste program is to be conducted<br />

in three phases: “(Phase 1) laboratory<br />

studies and site selection <strong>for</strong> a<br />

[high- level waste] repository to be<br />

com pleted by 2020; (Phase 2) underground<br />

in-situ tests (2021–2040); and<br />

(Phase 3) repository construction<br />

(2041–2050) followed by operation”<br />

[66].<br />

Three types of radioactive waste<br />

management facilities currently exist<br />

in China: (1) the on-site nuclear<br />

facility’s waste management system;<br />

(2) storage facilities <strong>for</strong> radioactive<br />

waste arising from nuclear technology<br />

applications; and, (3) Low and Intermediate<br />

Level Waste (LILW) disposal<br />

sites. There are currently two solid<br />

LILW disposal sites in operation,<br />

which are the Guangdong Beilong<br />

disposal site and Northwest China<br />

disposal site. Both Sites began commercial<br />

operation following the<br />

granting of operation licenses by the<br />

Ministry of Environmental Protection,<br />

National <strong>Nuclear</strong> Safety Administration<br />

in 2011. China’s legacy radioactive<br />

wastes generated in past practices<br />

are retrievable. Where these are<br />

unable to meet current storage and<br />

disposal requirements, this radioactive<br />

waste is required to be retrieved<br />

and re-conditioned to meet any new<br />

acceptance requirements [67, 68].<br />

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Authors<br />

Mark Callis Sanders<br />

Sanders Engineering<br />

1350 E. Flamingo Road<br />

Ste. 13B #290<br />

Las Vegas NV 89119<br />

USA<br />

Charlotta E. Sanders<br />

Department of Mechanical<br />

Engineering<br />

University of Nevada<br />

Las Vegas (UNLV)<br />

4505 S. Maryland Pwky<br />

Las Vegas, NV 89154<br />

USA<br />

18 Includes: China National <strong>Nuclear</strong> Corporation (CNNC), China Guangdong <strong>Nuclear</strong> <strong>Power</strong> Holding Co., Ltd. (CGNPC),<br />

and China <strong>Power</strong> Investment Corporation (CPI).<br />

Decommissioning and Waste Management<br />

A World’s Dilemma ‘Upon Which the Sun Never Sets’: The <strong>Nuclear</strong> Waste Management Strategy: Japan and China Part 3<br />

ı Mark Callis Sanders and Charlotta E. Sanders

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