atw - International Journal for Nuclear Power | 03.2020

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atw Vol. 65 (2020) | Issue 3 ı March 162 WORLD REPORT Two units are planned to be build at the site. In the United Kingdom the construction of the first of two EPR at the Hinkley Point site started. Each reactor, Hinkley Point C-1 and Hinkley Point C-2 is planned with a gross capacity of 1,720 MW and a net capacity of 1,630 MW. Active construction projects (numbers in brackets) listed are: Argentina (1), Bangladesh (2), Belarus (2), Brazil (1), China (11), Finland (1), France (1), India (7), Japan (2), Republic of Korea (5), Pakistan (2), Russia (6), Slovak Republic (2), Taiwan, China (2), Turkey (1), the USA (2), the United Arab Emirates (4) and the United Kingdom (1). Worldwide there were about 200 projects in the concrete planning or application phase at the turn of the year 2018/2019. In addition, there are a further approx. 100 declarations of intent by companies or government offices in other countries. Looking at the structural impact of the incidents in Japan and Fukushima on 11 March 2011, it can be ascertained that, in the meantime, they do not have an effect on the number of new construction project and plans worldwide, with the exception of political reactions in Germany, Italy and Switzerland. Nuclear power plant units in operation [-] 500 400 300 200 100 0 1956 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2015 Year atw 12/2020 | Fig. 2. Development of the number of nuclear power plants in operations from 1956 to 2018. The development of the number of the commercially operated nuclear power plants worldwide, in addition to the available gross nuclear power plant capacity is depicted in Figure 2 and Figure 3 for the years 1956 to 2018 (1956: year of commissioning the first commercial nuclear power plant, Calder Hall 1, in Great Britain. The first Country In operation Under construction Net nuclear electricity production Capacity Capacity Number gross [MWe] net [MWe] Number gross [MWe] | Tab. 1. Nuclear power plant units worldwide in operation and under construction (set date: 31 December 2018), nuclear electricity production and share of nuclear power of total electricity production in 2018 [Source: plant operators, IAEO, atw]. Nuclear share total net [MWe] [TWh] [%] Argentina 3 1,750 1,627 1 29 25 6.45 5.00 Armenia 1 408 376 0 0 0 1.90 26.00 Bangladesh - 0 0 2 2.400 2,160 0.00 0.00 Belarus - 0 0 2 2,388 2,218 0.00 0.00 Belgium 7 6,220 5,937 0 0 0 27.30 39.00 Brazil 2 1,990 1,884 1 1,300 1,245 15.70 3.00 Bulgaria 2 2,000 1,906 0 0 0 15.40 33.00 Canada 19 14,385 13,517 0 0 0 95.00 15.00 China 46 45,328 42,294 11 11,757 10,860 281.00 4.00 Czech Republic 6 4,133 3,925 0 0 0 28.30 35.00 Finland 4 2,860 2,752 1 1,720 1,600 21.90 33.00 France 58 65,880 63,130 1 1,720 1,630 393.20 72.00 Germany 7 10,013 9,515 0 0 0 71.90 11.00 Hungary 4 2,000 1,889 0 0 0 14.90 51.00 India 22 6,780 6,219 7 5,300 4,824 35.40 3.00 Iran, Islamic Republic of 1 1,000 915 0 0 0 6.30 2.00 Japan 38 38,242 36,728 2 2,760 2,650 49.30 6.00 Korea, Republic of 24 23,495 22,474 5 7,000 6,700 127.10 24.00 Mexico 2 1,640 1,560 0 0 0 13.20 5.00 Netherlands, The 1 515 482 0 0 0 3.30 3.00 Pakistan 5 1,467 1,355 2 2,200 2,028 9.50 6.00 Romania 2 1,412 1,305 0 0 0 10.50 17.00 Russia 36 29,089 27,217 6 4,875 4,525 172.20 18.00 Slovak Republic 4 1,950 1,816 2 942 880 13.70 55.00 Slovenia 1 727 696 0 0 0 5.50 36.00 South Africa 2 1,940 1,860 0 0 0 10.60 5.00 Spain 7 7,398 7,121 0 0 0 53.40 20.00 Sweden 8 8,706 8,350 0 0 0 63.90 40.00 Switzerland 5 3,485 3,333 0 0 0 24.30 38.00 Taiwan, China 5 5,213 5,028 2 2,712 2,630 26.60 11.00 Turkey - - - 1 1,200 1,114 Ukraine 15 13,818 13,090 0 0 0 78.50 52.00 United Arab Emirates - 0 0 4 5,600 5,380 0.00 0.00 United Kingdom 15 10,366 9,361 0 0 0 59.10 18.00 United States of America 98 109,864 103,686 2 2,500 2,230 808.30 20.00 Total 450 424,074 401,416 53 58,123 54,329 2543.65 11.60 World Report Nuclear Power World Report 2018
atw Vol. 65 (2020) | Issue 3 ı March 450 Installed nuclear power plant capacity worldwide [gross, GW = 10 3 MW] Electricity production in nuclear power plants [TWh = 10 9 kWh/a] 3,000 Unit capability factor [%] 100 400 2,500 80 163 300 2,000 60 200 100 0 1956 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2015 Year atw 12/2020 | Fig. 3. Development of the gross nuclear power plant capacity in operation from 1956 to 2018. 1,500 1,000 500 0 1956 2000 1960 1970 1980 1990 2010 2015 Year | Fig. 4. Development of the nuclear electricity production and plant availability from 1956 to 2018. 40 20 0 atw 12/2020 WORLD REPORT nuclear- generated electricity occurred on 20 December 1951 in the US-American Experimental Breeder Reactor EBR-1.) Also worth noting is the continued capacity increase (Figure 3) in the 1980s, as the nuclear power plants, ordered due the impact of the first oil crisis at the beginning and end of the 1970s, started operations with high capacities per plant averaging 1,000 MWe. Worldwide and in Germany, the commissioning of the nuclear power unit Biblis A in 1974 with 1,225 MWe gross represented an important milestone in the development of high-capacity plants, which were from the beginning designed also technically for a longer operating period of several decades – previously, the pilot plants were also built with the focus on technical feasibility and practicability. Since about 1993, a developmental stagnation can be observed with the number of nuclear power plants and capacity and this is due, on the one hand to the de-commissioning of older, prototypical and no longer profitable plants in the USA, Europe and the GUS states and, on the other, the compensatory expansion of capacities in the Asian region and capacity increases of operating plants. Since the mid-1990s, remarkable increases in capacity have been achieved. With further optimised turbines alone, an increase in capacity of around 5 % can be gained without increasing the reactor capacity. If a construction measure also makes increasing the thermal reactor capa city possible, then the generating capacity in countries such as Mexico, Sweden, the Slovak Republic, the USA and Hungary that are already approved and realised would increase by around 20 %. Until the end of the 2010s, a cumulated capacity increase totalling 7,750 MW is estimated. This equates to the new construction of about 4 large nuclear power units. In the USA alone, capacity increases totalling approx. 10,000 MWe net have been realised or approved, a further 500 MWe currently to be realised until 2020 have been applied for. In Sweden, the operators estimate a capacity increase program totalling 1,050 MWe net. In Mexico the nuclear power plant units Laguna Verde 1 and Laguna Verde 2 have been upgraded from 700 MWe gross to 840 MWe gross each; this is an capacity increase of about 20 %. With the 450 operating plants at the end of 2018, the number was equal to the hitherto record year 2016 with also 450 nuclear power plants in operation. The nuclear power plants worldwide have achieved an approx. 1 % higher result in 2018 compared to the previous year 2017 in the net electricity generation with approx. 2,544 billion (10 9 ) kWh (2,477.2 billion kWh, provision details and calculations, cf. Table 1 and Figure 4). In Japan, with the exception of five reactor units, all other 37 plants were not connected to the grid for the whole year. The previous best result of nuclear electricity production accounted for 2,658 billion kWh in 2006. Good operating results were reported from the power plants in Belgium, China, Finland, Germany, Russia, Switzerland and the USA. The overall operational reliability of the plants is underlined by the average mean availability for work of all nuclear power plants worldwide (cf. Figure 4). Their average had increased since the mid 1990s. The strong decrease in availability at the beginning of the 1990s is due to the large drop in the availability of plants in the East European states and the GUS states, whose operating data were included consistently in the statistics for the first time. The long-term cessation of individual profitable nuclear power plant, and the quasi whole nuclear power park of Japan as of 2011, also influence the lower average availability in the years 2006 to 2009. Since 2011 the availability is slightly increasing with the commissioning of nuclear power plants in lay-up operation. The Top Ten nuclear power plants in power generation (MW gross and billion kWh ) 2018 are: (1) Chooz B-2, FR, PWR, 1560 MW, 12.388 billion kWh; (2) Isar 2, DE, PWR, 1485 MW, 12.127 billion kWh; (3) Palo Verde-1, USA, PWR 1528 MW, 11.850 billion kWh; (4) Emsland, DE, PWR, 1406 MW, 11.495 billion kWh; (5) Susqehanna-2, USA, BWR, 1374 MW, 11.470 billion kWh; (6) Millstone-3, PWR, 1308 MW, 11.168 billion kWh; (7) Peach Bottom-3, USA, BWR, 1412 MW, 11.151 billion kWh, (8) Callaway-1, USA; PWR, 1316 MW, 11.130 billion kWh; Oskarshamn-3, SE, BWR, 1450 MW, 11.129 billion kWh; Comanche Peak-1, USA, PWR, 1283 MW, 11.118 billion kWh. Worldwide around 81,329 billion (10 9 ) kWh net electricity have cumulatively been produced in nuclear power plants since electricity was first generated from nuclear power. The experience in the nuclear power plant operations amount to approx. 17,300 reactor years. Regarding climate protection, nuclear power plants have avoided about 2.40 billion (10 9 ) t carbon dioxide emisisons 2) in 2018. The emissions avoided through nuclear energy correspond to some 6 % of the current annual emissions worldwide of CO 2 , in the meanwhile over, approx. 36 billion tons. The emissions avoided each year through nuclear power are distinctly higher than the worldwide reduction targets contained in the existing international protocols and agreements on climate protection (Kyoto Protocol) for the period 2008 to 2012! 2) The CO 2 reduction factor is based on the average worldwide CO 2 emissions of fossile-fired power plants in countries with NPPS in operation. World Report Nuclear Power World Report 2018
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