1 Chapter 1. Introduction: status and definition of compounding ...

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syntactically free, or because it does not have the shape of a minimal phonological word, or because there is no categorical way of distinguishing between a complex word and a phrase. Endnotes 1 Codes after an example sentence refer to its source. Abbreviations: 1 first person, 3 third person, AUX auxiliary, DAT Dative, ERG Ergative, EUPH Euphony (discourse marker), EX Exclusive, INF infinitive, nominaliser, LOC Locative, OBJ object, PL plural, SBJ subject 2 'Derivational case suffix' is a label for suffixes with meanings such as 'having', 'lacking' which are derivational in that they are used to derive new words, but are like case-suffixes in that there may be agreement, yiljirli-kirli panu-kurlu 'claw-with lot-with' 'with lots of claws' or, as is 1010 common in Warlpiri noun phrases, just the last word is marked with case, watiya panu-kurlu 'tree lot-with' 'with many trees' (Nash 1986, Simpson 1991). They are discussed later in this paper. 3 They include: - compounding a larger body part with something that narrows the denotation: lirra-pinpinpa 'lip' lirra 'mouth' pinpinpa thin milpa-ngipiri 'eyeball' milpa 'eye' ngipiri egg - compounding a body part with a property to describe a resulting state, not a 'kind-of': langa-larra ear-split ear-mark mulyu-larra nose-split blood nose, nose-bleed
- forming compound expressions of time by compounding the words for 'sun' or 'shade' with the position of the sun: yama-karlarra 'shadow-west' 'sunrise' - compounding two partial antonyms jaka-ngalya 'some of this and some of that' jaka 'rear, backside' ngalya 'forehead nyurnu-wankaru ' brothers, sisters, where at least one is dead and at least one is alive' nyurnu 'dead' wankaru 'alive' pirdangirli-kamparru 'one behind the other' pirdangirli 'behind' kamparru 'ahead' kankarlu-kanunju 'up and down, one on top of the other' kankarlu 'up' kanunju 'down' This last can be metaphorically extended to 'be in two minds': (i) Nyina ka-rna kankarlu-kanunju. sit-nonpast PRES-1SBJ up-down I'm in two minds (about it). [PPJ 24/10/86] 4 An example is the ending -marramarra which is attested on only a few forms: ngalyarrpa- marra-marra, jilja-marra-marra, yilyampuru-marra-marra 'multiple sand-hills, continuous sand-ridges' (ngalyarrpa, jilja, yilyampuru 'sand-hill'), marliri-marramarra 'string of claypans' (marluri 'claypan'). The fact that it attaches to the augmented form ngalyarrpa shows that it attaches to a free standing nominal. This contrasts with some lexicalised noun-suffix forms in which the suffix attaches to the unaugmented form, e .g. ngalyarr-ngarna 'creeper-twine' (sand.hill-denizen). 1011
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Chapter 1. Introduction: status and
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always make a clean distinction bet
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. *Yitzl ran Bonki ~ Yitzl outran B
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Spelling also cannot be taken as a
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Nevertheless, theorists have repeat
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Sampson (1980: 265-266) suggests th
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volume]); vowel deletion (Hebrew [B
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evidence that a sequence of two roo
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1.1.4 Summary The picture that emer
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Several of these theories fit rough
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Chapter 16 takes a diachronic view
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of grammar‘? The study of compoun
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(kinsman, deersman) do not even hav
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peculiarities: Chapter 1 offers det
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2.2.2.1 Lexical and grammatical var
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way, denotes. And finally, we come
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modern, rather fashionable term) is
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unit) of its own right and it enter
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edbreast, highbrow, common sense, e
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deep+water, by+way, etc. Here the p
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side on conventionality, the criter
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they could very well be regarded as
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5 It is precisely this gradient cha
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13 For instance, the English countr
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3.2 Problems in the classification
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As for the ―synthetic compound‖
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The properties of these formations
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c) Marchand (1969) (only endocentri
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h) Bauer (2001b) 13 determinative/e
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given that the notion of exocentric
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different criteria (i.e. the relati
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overtly expressed (see apron string
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The compounds of these three classe
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6) neoclassical compounds sW+sW sW+
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) N+N subordinate compounds skeleto
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3.4 A new proposal In line with Kuh
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and the interpretation of the compo
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Wurtenberg) or redundant as is the
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that the classification can probabl
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should be noted though that Bally
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23 Please note that in our database
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(section 4.1.2), and finally descri
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In Lees‟s analysis, the deep stru
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presenting and evaluating the theor
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The issue of the power of the rules
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As opposed to the introduction of r
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c. he does not motivate the individ
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4.2. Development of transformationa
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the predicate to be deleted in the
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expressions, e.g. soap opera, and p
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One of the properties of Levi‟s a
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Apart from Marchand, two other infl
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(14) a. Holzhaus („timber house
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4.3.1. Compounds in the lexicon Two
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and much of the information of thes
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nouns. Thus, the relationships in (
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(affixes and neoclassical stems in
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edbug). There are two distinctions
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4.4.3. The legacy Although any cut-
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Chapter 5. A Lexical Semantic Appro
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of meaning than Jackendoff‘s and,
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they are processual in nature. (3)
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The affix -er has no special requir
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likely candidates, by looking at fe
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For the sake of argument, let‘s a
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will therefore leave open the quest
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(12) Classification of compounds (B
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c. Coordinate endocentric: producer
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(16) blue-green blue green [-dynami
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(18) mother-child (relation, party)
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implausible. The compounds in (19c)
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(22) cookbook author cookbook autho
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highest argument of pick must be in
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Generally analyses of compounding i
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interpretation that arises in the a
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course, a novel claim - the recent
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arguments can be characterized in t
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(33) a. odori-tukare ‗dance-get t
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5.7. Conclusion and prospectus Maki
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6 Bisetto and Scalise (2005, this v
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Chapter 6. Compounding in the Paral
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Figure 6.1 offers a model in terms
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(2) [VP V (NP) (PP)] Thus we arrive
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c. Paired arguments: [Port-cornstar
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1970 and Ryder 1994 asked subjects
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. [[child camel] [jockey slavery]]
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egarded as mappings directly betwee
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than a full modern language, (b) co
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So sometimes lexicalized meaning ha
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elevator shaft = ‗shaft that an e
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standard way to notate this is thro
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players in the orchestra switched i
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Action modality will be formalized
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that F is filled out by copying REA
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cocomposition; section 6.7 deals wi
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A special case of LOC (X1, Y2). CAU
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. N2 is a vehicle (cattle car, baby
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(28) barber1 shop2 = SHOP2 α ;[PF
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(32) a. bird1brain2 = PERSON α ; [
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in (20) in order to account for the
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7. Millikan develops the notion of
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Chapter 7. Compounding in Distribut
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point splits into two sub-derivatio
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instances of Vocabulary Item compet
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7.3. Compounding as syntax As noted
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(5) a. nP n° √P √STUDi n° √
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(7) nP n° √P √i n° √DRIVEi
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where, in the corresponding verb ph
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only be inserted in the context of
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Having sketched a general incorpora
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truck-drive will be ruled out becau
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I will follow Sato 2007 in treating
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way as their corresponding verb can
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8 The feature which drives movement
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c. pijen-o-erx(ome) (MG) f. bou-dat
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(2) a. F (En) b. F (Fr) root compou
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how they satisfy the Interface Inte
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. *human primate non, *primate huma
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oot in the basic asymmetry of morph
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The only option available is that t
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Thus, the motivation for the medial
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Assuming as in Chomsky (1995-2007)
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of the verb, and the indirect objec
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(33) SAMPLE OF ENGLISH OPERATOR-AFF
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when the root does not have I-Asp f
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a part of natural languages. Quanti
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8.2 Deriving compounds with Asymmet
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ecursive systems, Move, (54), imple
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In the Derivation-by-phase model, a
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interfaces first, independently fro
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derivations of compounds instantiat
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specifier of the F-tree) has SM-fea
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At Step 6, M-Link applies again, gi
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Given the features matrices in (58a
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shifting. M-Link applies in (83) an
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have an F-XP structure, and they ar
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according to which compounds are fo
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equire more generative power than a
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5 Compounds are asymmetrical in ter
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12 Compounds have been argued to be
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(Chomsky 2001, Legate 2003, Adger 2
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Chapter 9. Compounding and Lexicali
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as those in (1c) do not inherit the
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and Mohanan (1985), Kiparsky (1985)
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stratum-1 wept, fifth block the for
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whereby syntactic processes can man
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The distinction between phrase and
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compositional semantics typically a
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Prototypical adjectives such as tho
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(4) toy factory woman doctor metal
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constitute within the category Adje
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I noted above that associative adje
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(9) beautiful dancer heavy smoker b
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only. Moreover, associative adjecti
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Secondly, recall the examples first
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(11) a. Is this a feline disease or
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corn oil (compare olive oil, end-st
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It has been shown, however, that th
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As we would expect of lexical const
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That a productive, stratum-2 phenom
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Chapter 10. Compounding and constru
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and it will be shown how they can b
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(3)‘ [[a]X [b]Yi ]Y ‗Yi with re
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compounding (and under certain cond
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In the hierarchical lexicon approac
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Therefore, the language user may as
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The heads of the complex words have
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10.3. Headedness issues Since Willi
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―Constructed words arise from a g
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(iii) separable complex verbs such
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vlaggen-mak-erij ‗flag makery‘
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schemas for the specification of th
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marked (with the genitive ending -s
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Chapter 11. Compounding from an ono
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to the respective model will be giv
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soudce ‗judge‘, < soud- ‗judg
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(2) the pre-semantic level of conce
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11.2.3.1 The overall model Štekaue
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first step consists in the formatio
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(4) Type ―integral metonymies and
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11.2.6 Joachim Grzega In Grzega (20
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The process is completed with the a
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the model incorporates a type calle
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junction of morphemes from other ty
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Dokulil, Horecký, Blank and Koch.
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category of, for example, privative
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Chapter 12. Compounding in Cognitiv
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whereby the semantic unit [OPENER]
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Langacker (1999: 144) remarks, "eve
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on properties that are too marginal
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conceptualized as associated", such
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In clear cases, Tuggy (2007: 152) s
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grasp the meaning of a construction
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their expression in the language it
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Plag (2003: 132) starts his chapter
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Booij 1992 for a semantic interpret
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of compounding, she argues, are bas
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listing results for compounds like
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example which Ryder gives here is t
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'blending', it also includes aspect
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In a number of recent cognitive pub
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as composite expressions, the use o
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agnates have often been restricted
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13.2. Theoretical Issues and Approa
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Pollatsek, Hyönä, & Bertram 2000,
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and Baayen model, this model assume
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Not all researchers agree that morp
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constituents were correlated with r
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Freeman (1979), that the morphologi
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speeded responses to orgel. Likewis
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was related to the meaning of the w
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availability of a word‘s lexical
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opaque compounds, like transparent
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meaning. That is, the meaning of ev
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13.5. Final Thoughts Psycholinguist
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14.2. Related theories 14.2.1 Dokul
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‗townsman‘, cizinec ‗foreigne
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modifier, not by the head: 4 the se
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Zimmer (1971, 1972) should be credi
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- the concept of word-formation as
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elongs. Onomasiological Types are c
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verbal head functions as an onomasi
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epresented by the base does or what
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In our example, a prototypical feat
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the onomasiological structure will
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glass. They related their observati
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h. If the structure contains the In
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In any case, the role of the relati
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14.3.7 Objectified Predictability R
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From this it follows that a high ab
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used for doing something to balls
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In fact, every predictable meaning
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12. Knowledge of the meaning(s) of
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The transpositional type of onomasi
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20 Cf, for example, van Lint (1982)
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language. 2 These may be extended b
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internally to the modifier noun in
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uttons‘, or a tool that we use in
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were asked to describe picture card
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Schoolchildren and adults made rath
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favored by children as well. To thi
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nominal constructions in their lang
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different relations had no effect o
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In order to comprehend and produce
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Another facet of acquisition of com
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15.3.4 A long developmental route:
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phrasal context -- e.g., *tmunat sh
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compounds in their oral narratives
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15.4. Discussion Analysis of a rang
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of passives in different languages
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constructed out of consonantal root
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(as in Vogel and Raimy‘s study) b
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Endnotes I am grateful to Wolfgang
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indicated as +Gen, for ‗genitive
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18 The language-particular arbitrar
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ecome "words", i.e. units to be use
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some kind of affixation, which woul
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1978; Lieber 1983), whose second pa
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cf. the history of burger (Marchand
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ending, usually the genitive, but o
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characterized by stress/ablaut and
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6. Imperative compounds, e.g. Mene-
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structure modifier + head. This may
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nominative relative pronoun of the
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of such constructions in the German
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In this connection, another IE comp
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formations are younger than the nom
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9 Jacobi (1898:111) argues "dass in
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ung / -ing-action nouns and the par
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Chapter 17. Typology of Compounds L
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Ainu also has incorporation, often
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‘way of speaking’, and ike ‘a
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Where verbs are concerned, these ma
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Handschuh derives from the gender o
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Some of the languages that display
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construction. But the word as a who
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does not permit such a wide range o
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appears to be exocentric, and in En
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may be a form of incorporation. Aga
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Endnotes hyponymic drink‘ nourish
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organize English compounding data r
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oot or primary compounds fall into
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or adjectives in question are seman
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Compounds in which the second const
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of this type to around the time of
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eard) is not taken for granted, bot
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what is denoted by the second const
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although they show the characterist
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Figure 18.2. N N N V truck drive er
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stick taster). And most recently, R
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2 Note that when I classify a compo
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Second, (nominal) compounding is re
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Lieber 1992a) and the theoretical i
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computer spel computerspel ‗compu
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wild man wíldeman ‗wild man‘ S
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koop ziek koopziek ‗buy ill‘ le
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(21) a subordinate clause (no separ
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in the separable cases, the prefix
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compound gets the main stress of th
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In the literature a much-debated is
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19.3. Synthetic Compounds Synthetic
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compounds or with phrases. Verb Rai
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Booij & Van Santen (1998: 165) prov
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(47) a stenen-gooi-er ‗rock-trowe
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Chapter 20: IE, Germanic: German Ma
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quite frequent while the productivi
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sense or something else (sometimes
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perspective are: What is the distri
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marker of the respective lexeme. Th
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(11) a e Tag+Buch Tagebuch ‗diary
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(13) In a compound, the second cons
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(16) a woman that sells fish b woma
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structure, and they lack linking el
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Moreover, the noun Hemmer is in the
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(21) a Kur+Urlaub Kurlaub ‗cure+h
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2 Donalies (2004) regards self-comp
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(2) (3) Som regel elsker folk deres
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(5) ‘the big cars’ Huset er sto
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21.2 Introduction to Compounding Wh
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article, as in det store hus (see (
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exhaustive list of semantic relatio
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‘shortage of time’ and kartotek
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Adjective + noun compounds generall
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ulle·stol roll·chair wheelchair I
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To illustrate the productivity of c
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køre·teknisk (EB 3) drive·techni
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[vi] har ret til at … i·land·s
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soon something not suits her ‗She
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outline of the way in which compoun
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If they are, it means that the expr
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guerre froide „cold war‟ lit.
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X \ Y N A V ADV N N A N prêtre-ouv
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The NA and AN cases have already be
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22.3. French VN compounds The issue
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22.3.2. The nature of the first con
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conclude that Darmesteter‘s accou
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Denotatum Example Glosses Agent por
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Locative I traîne-buisson ‗bird
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from the 2 nd conjugational group,
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„N1N2 is a N1 that is also a N2 a
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The property in question may concer
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(33) *Un responsable surgelés est
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la filière bois se développe ?le
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Abbreviations The Leipzig Glossing
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Chapter 23. IE, Romance: Spanish La
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compounds), perhaps with the sole e
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ightly been noted that, although th
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(2) a. Carlos es un [Xº sinvergüe
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(3) a. cantante autor A+A singer au
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N+A / A+N These compounds are usual
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23.3. Discussion In the previous se
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The justification of why compounds
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characteristic of syntactic words.
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exists a clear-cut separation betwe
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the examples (cf., for instance, Br
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specific ad hoc properties. And, ad
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1 The notion of head employed here
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13 This analysis can also be applie
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. kakotixos < kak- tix- -os unlucky
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number of parameters, which refer t
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item. Thus, when it is combined wit
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sweet (and) bitter sweet bitter Not
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suffix has the form of -i- (-s is t
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24.7. Borderline cases In Greek, as
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Endnotes 1 Greek examples are given
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14 I choose not to include appositi
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their classification and interpreta
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compounding. 2 That is to say, ther
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adaptations evidently modelled on t
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Thus, the compound status of wodog
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(6) Stem 1 Stem 2 Example N N ocz-o
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According to traditional accounts,
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When analysed from the functional p
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The examples presented so far give
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-ł- trw-a-ć ‗last‘ trwa-ł-y
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Another look at instances of compou
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ciemnoczerwony ‗dark red‘, jasn
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5 When looked at from another angle
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Chapter 26. Sino-Tibetan: Mandarin
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natural languages. In particular, f
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26.2.2 Attributive compounds Attrib
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As far as Chinese compounding is co
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On the basis of Ceccagno and Bascia
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Table 26.4 shows examples of two-he
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[卫星] N [电视] N wèixīng di
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al., in press). Second, our general
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Tables: Table 26.1 - Subordinate ri
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Table 26.5 - Exocentric compounds C
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高矮 gāoăi CRD [A+A] N n high +
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pāngāo ‗climb + high = climb up
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Chapter 27. Afro-Asiatic, Semitic:
Page 784 and 785:
properties with compounds. Finally,
Page 786 and 787:
. *beyt xadaš xolim house new pati
Page 788 and 789:
14. a. hu bana li shney batey ‗ec
Page 790 and 791:
Not so in compounds, where the non-
Page 792 and 793:
to be contrasted with the construct
Page 794 and 795:
d. *kir me‘a/harbe levenim; *beyt
Page 796 and 797:
When applied to constructs with a (
Page 798 and 799:
'the same [(*senior) teacher's hous
Page 800 and 801:
36. a. *beyt xolim xroniyim; *ha-be
Page 802 and 803:
42. Compounds M-constructs R-constr
Page 804 and 805:
violations of the Coordinate Struct
Page 806 and 807:
e that they are not a morphological
Page 808 and 809:
Reformulate the original question,
Page 810 and 811:
least for Hebrew compounds, then, t
Page 812 and 813:
11 The existence of P+N constructs
Page 814 and 815:
Chapter 28 Isolate: Japanese Taro K
Page 816 and 817:
d. Compound VNs: N-VN isi-kettei li
Page 818 and 819:
Headless or exocentric compounds. E
Page 820 and 821:
The nature of the exocentric compou
Page 822 and 823:
. Kono eiga-wa [Spielberg | seisaku
Page 824 and 825:
From this vantage point, W + -level
Page 826 and 827:
work in the morphological plane, wh
Page 828 and 829:
appears that only a highly limited
Page 830 and 831:
VN incorporation. In the light verb
Page 832 and 833:
compound can bear the honorific pre
Page 834 and 835:
If noun doubling and modifier stran
Page 836 and 837:
Table 28.1: Functions of compounded
Page 838 and 839:
Table 28.3: Lexical vs. syntactic V
Page 840 and 841:
Chapter 29. Uralic, Finno-Ugric: Hu
Page 842 and 843:
(1) shows the productive compoundin
Page 844 and 845:
Consequently, it seems to be more a
Page 846 and 847:
(6) Level#et ír ‗letter-acc writ
Page 848 and 849:
(10) a. The nonhead of a deverbal c
Page 850 and 851:
kutya+ugatás ‗barking of a dog/d
Page 852 and 853:
. kormány+átalakítás ‗reconst
Page 854 and 855:
(20) regény+író ‗novel-writer
Page 856 and 857:
(25) a. *a felrobbantó the blower
Page 858 and 859:
(31) a. fel+megy vagy fel+mászik
Page 860 and 861:
29.7. Exocentric compounds Bahuvrih
Page 862 and 863:
Endnotes 1 The present paper is par
Page 864 and 865:
Chapter 30. Athapaskan: Slave * Ker
Page 866 and 867:
First are compounds where the form
Page 868 and 869:
c. tɛh tl‘uh ‗ice line‘ (all
Page 870 and 871:
. bɛh k‘ái ‗seagull‘ (Hare,
Page 872 and 873:
(8) a. dlo b r ‗cheese‘ (Hare)
Page 874 and 875:
(10) [Noun-Noun]N compounds a. dlo
Page 876 and 877:
c. n yíi ‗mine‘ (Sahtú) n ‗
Page 878 and 879:
Postposition-Noun compounds also oc
Page 880 and 881:
d. [‘ihb go] ke ‗running shoes,
Page 882 and 883:
30.3. Classes of Noun-Noun compound
Page 884 and 885:
f. lálɛníh ‘e ‗sweater‘ (H
Page 886 and 887:
[th]ɛ ‗belt‘ -[dh] ‗belt, po
Page 888 and 889:
This suffix has two forms - one, -
Page 890 and 891:
j ‘ɛnáke ‘é ‗parka‘ (Sah
Page 892 and 893:
(31) a. mí kwe ‗sinker for net
Page 894 and 895:
(34) a. shi ‗song‘ gah yín ‗
Page 896 and 897:
Important to this discussion is the
Page 898 and 899:
h. libó ghínɛ ‗bowl‘ (all) l
Page 900 and 901:
Recall that in the possessive const
Page 902 and 903:
c. [s]óts‘ɛd ya ‗necklace‘
Page 904 and 905:
(47) a. tli ‗dog‘ (Sahtú, Sout
Page 906 and 907:
* Many thanks to the editors and to
Page 908 and 909:
Chapter 31. Iroquoian: Mohawk Maria
Page 910 and 911:
(1) Basic nouns a. oká:ra‘ b. ok
Page 912 and 913:
. akohsá:tens ohsò:kwa‘ horse n
Page 914 and 915:
(7) Morphological verbs in use: Rit
Page 916 and 917:
have‘ above. 3 (The verb root -ie
Page 918 and 919:
correspondence with multi-word sent
Page 920 and 921:
iohsté:ris wakká:raien‘. io-hst
Page 922 and 923:
Mohawk has no lexical adjective cat
Page 924 and 925:
It has sometimes been proposed that
Page 926 and 927:
object) and -ia‟t-isak ‗seek (a
Page 928 and 929:
pronominal agents rather than patie
Page 930 and 931:
(27) Location noun: Kaia‘titáhkh
Page 932 and 933:
intransitively for singing. It can
Page 934 and 935:
Noun incorporation constructions ar
Page 936 and 937:
enhaia‘taniión:ten‘ ne:‘ ...
Page 938 and 939:
Tho ki‘ iehréta‘s tho ki‘ ie
Page 940 and 941:
(37) Further incorporated fruit: Ka
Page 942 and 943:
(39) Referent introduction: Kaia‘
Page 944 and 945:
Endnotes 1 Glosses are abbreviated
Page 946 and 947:
Chapter 32. Arawakan: Maipure-Yavit
Page 948 and 949:
Branches Languages († extinct) 1.
Page 950 and 951:
‗the ghost of the late Makapu‘
Page 952 and 953:
(6) anítu ‗wife‘ -áni ‗son
Page 954 and 955:
A genitive compound analogous to th
Page 956 and 957:
pausal form of (14b), for example,
Page 958 and 959:
(20) a wâù§ r i têwa- i b. apì
Page 960 and 961: 32.5. An apparent case of incipient
Page 962 and 963: TABLE 32. 1 Incidence of compoundin
Page 964 and 965: 7 In various Arawakan languages of
Page 966 and 967: 33.1. Verb+Noun Compounding The bes
Page 968 and 969: Mapudungun V+N compounding thus cou
Page 970 and 971: Mapudungun depending on the compone
Page 972 and 973: There is, however, a productive vei
Page 974 and 975: (12) Antonio ngilla-ilo-trewa-y. (E
Page 976 and 977: The grammatical head in these examp
Page 978 and 979: For many of these, it is not clear
Page 980 and 981: (19) a. Af-dungu-y-iñ. (Sm: 418) s
Page 982 and 983: It may be, however, that the attach
Page 984 and 985: surprised, then, to observe V+N=N c
Page 986 and 987: (24) Ngilla-küme-pulku-a-n. (EL) b
Page 988 and 989: across the different formal types o
Page 990 and 991: 5 Unlike Salas (1992), Augusta (190
Page 992 and 993: suffix to them. By far the most pro
Page 994 and 995: The strategy of creating a name for
Page 996 and 997: It is tempting to relate these appa
Page 998 and 999: clauses, where the object (if expre
Page 1000 and 1001: pangki-kirli, pangki-parnta (skin-h
Page 1002 and 1003: created with -ma-ni have Ergative s
Page 1004 and 1005: (8) Manu ngirrilypa-warrki-jarri-mi
Page 1006 and 1007: further property, whether the initi
Page 1008 and 1009: 1008 Some initial elements can form
Page 1012 and 1013: 5 -kirli and -kurlu are used in the
Page 1014 and 1015: Alegre, Maria A. and Peter Gordon (
Page 1016 and 1017: Baayen, Harald, R., Ton Dijkstra, a
Page 1018 and 1019: Basbøll, Hans (2005). The Phonolog
Page 1020 and 1021: ---- (1994). ‗Back-formation, cro
Page 1022 and 1023: ---- (2003). ‗Children‘s Lexica
Page 1024 and 1025: ---- (2001). ‗Sulla nozione di co
Page 1026 and 1027: Morphology Meeting, Vienna, Februar
Page 1028 and 1029: 1028 Bradley, Dianne (1980). ‗Lex
Page 1030 and 1031: ---- (2006). ‗From Usage to Gramm
Page 1032 and 1033: Cheng, Lisa L. and Huang, James C.
Page 1034 and 1035: Philological Society 100(2), 163-16
Page 1036 and 1037: ---- (1977). ‗Inhaltliche Wortbil
Page 1038 and 1039: Davis, Anthony R. and Jean-Pierre K
Page 1040 and 1041: ---- (1996). ‗Modularity and X o
Page 1042 and 1043: Dixon, R. M. W. (1986). ‗Noun cla
Page 1044 and 1045: Eichner and H. C. Luschützky (with
Page 1046 and 1047: Fillmore, Charles (1968). ‗The Ca
Page 1048 and 1049: Language 81: 723-735. Gagné, Chris
Page 1050 and 1051: familiarity and orthography, concre
Page 1052 and 1053: 1052 Golluscio, Lucía (1997). ‗N
Page 1054 and 1055: Haeseryn, Walter, K. Romijn, Guido
Page 1056 and 1057: ---- (2005). ‗Bare Phrase Structu
Page 1058 and 1059: Hiramatsu, Kazuko, William Snyder,
Page 1060 and 1061:
Huang, Shuanfan (1998). ‗Chinese
Page 1062 and 1063:
Johnson, Kyle (2002). ‗Towards an
Page 1064 and 1065:
---- (1992b). ‗Typological Reorie
Page 1066 and 1067:
Kern, Sophie. (1996). Comment les E
Page 1068 and 1069:
ERPs,‘ Brain and Language. 1068 K
Page 1070 and 1071:
Laczkó, Tibor (2000). ‘Az argume
Page 1072 and 1073:
Lees, Robert B. (1960). The Grammar
Page 1074 and 1075:
University Press, 1-22. Libben, Gar
Page 1076 and 1077:
Longobardi, Giuseppe (2003). ‗La
Page 1078 and 1079:
Kastovsky (ed.) (1974) H. Marchand.
Page 1080 and 1081:
1080 Meibauer, Jörg (2001). ‗Lex
Page 1082 and 1083:
1082 ---- (2001c). ‗The differenc
Page 1084 and 1085:
Murphy, Victoria A. and Elena Nicol
Page 1086 and 1087:
1086 Nespor, Marina and Angela Rall
Page 1088 and 1089:
Ortner, Lorelies and Elgin, Müller
Page 1090 and 1091:
Pitt, David and Jerrold J. Katz (20
Page 1092 and 1093:
Rainer, Franz and Soledad Varela (1
Page 1094 and 1095:
Ravid, Dorit D. and Ruth A. Berman
Page 1096 and 1097:
1096 Rohrer, Christian (1966). Revi
Page 1098 and 1099:
---- (ed.) (1992). The Morphology o
Page 1100 and 1101:
Selkirk, Elisabeth O. (1982). The S
Page 1102 and 1103:
---- (1996). ‗From ―Thought and
Page 1104 and 1105:
---- (1997a). ‗On the semiotics o
Page 1106 and 1107:
Sun, Chaofen (2006). Chinese: A Lin
Page 1108 and 1109:
Tai, James H-Y. (2003). ‗Cognitiv
Page 1110 and 1111:
1110 Uriagereka, Juan (1999). ‗Mu
Page 1112 and 1113:
Wang Jun and Zheng Guoqiao, 1993. A
Page 1114 and 1115:
Wisniewski, Edward J. and Gregory L
Page 1116:
Zwitserlood, Pienie, Agnes Bolwiend
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