1 Chapter 1. Introduction: status and definition of compounding ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

From this it follows that a high absolute PR does not guarantee a high OPR: a naming unit reading of lower PR may be comparably more predictable than a reading of another naming unit of a higher PR, if the former can take advantage of a considerable PRG. This postulate has been confirmed in my research on a number of occasions. For illustration, the top PR reading ‗a hat with flowers on it‘ of a possible compound flower hat has the fourth highest PR (0.427) among the sample compounds, but ranked last in terms of its OPR due to tough competition on the part of the other two readings, ‗a hat made of flowers‘ and ‗a hat with flower design/pattern/ornaments‘. On the other hand, poor compatibility of the semes of the motivating units need not entail a poor OPR owing to the absence of any competition. For illustration, the top reading of one of my sample compounds age bag ‗an old bag; a bag that looks old‘ has a very low PR (0.203), but due to the absence of competing readings PR of Rank 2 = 0.017, PR of Rank 3 = 0.014), it has the highest OPR in the sample (0.744). 14.3.8 Prototypical features There is an obvious tendency for the most predictable readings of compounds to be motivated by the combination of prototypical features of the motivating objects. Figurativeness, i.e., semantic shift (metaphor and metonymy), appears to be a serious obstacle to good meaning predictability. 19 This assumption only applies to cases in which one or both of the motivating constituents acquire figurativeness, as it were, within the process of conceptual combination. My (2005a) data provide numerous examples, including ‗a book with a cover of a baby skin color‘, ‗a book that smells like a baby‘, ‗one‘s favorite book‘ for baby book; ‗a clumsy person with poor dancing skills‘, ‗an aggressive person‘ for ball hammer; ‗a star that sleeps on a hill‘, ‗Noah‘, ‗a famous actor who lives in Beverly Hills‘ for hill star; ‗one‘s life‘ for game wheel, ‗somebody very eccentric in 460
dressing‘ and ‗somebody who tries to be perfect in dressing‘ for shape-cloth; ‗a group of people of the same age‘ for age bag; ‗a spade by which a dog was/is killed‘ for dog spade; ‗someone who talks softly on the phone‘ for feather-dialer, etc. All these and other similar metaphorical interpretations remained isolated proposals restricted to a single informant. By implication, their PR is very low. The meaning predictability of new compounds based on a figurative meaning is a part of a broader problem bearing on polysemantic and homonymous lexemes that become constituents of new naming units because the one-many relation between form and meanings hampers the meaning-prediction process. Any necessity to select from optional meanings can be considered as a predictability-reducing factor as it potentially leads to a higher number of interpretations. However, its strength and effects are not directly proportional to the number of potential interpretations. They are influenced by the degree of institutionalization of the individual meanings, their respective relation to the other motivating constituent(s) of a coinage, and the effects of the other predictability-boosting and -reducing factors. On the other hand, a well-established, i.e., institutionalized figurative meaning of a motivating constituent does not have a negative impact on meaning predictability. A case in point is the figurative, personified meaning of star in hill star. The most predictable reading in my experiment is one with the figurative meaning of the base: ‗a person who is brilliant at hill climbing/running/cycling‘. Like figurative meanings, too general or too specific and idiosyncratic features tend to be a serious obstacle to meaning predictability. The research provided a number of readings of this kind, which, for this reason, were restricted to a single or two occurrences: ‗a spade by which a dog was killed‘ for dog-spade (any [Solid] SUBSTANCE can be used for this purpose); ‗a hammer 461
Page 1 and 2:
Chapter 1. Introduction: status and
Page 3 and 4:
always make a clean distinction bet
Page 5 and 6:
. *Yitzl ran Bonki ~ Yitzl outran B
Page 7 and 8:
Spelling also cannot be taken as a
Page 9 and 10:
Nevertheless, theorists have repeat
Page 11 and 12:
Sampson (1980: 265-266) suggests th
Page 13 and 14:
volume]); vowel deletion (Hebrew [B
Page 15 and 16:
evidence that a sequence of two roo
Page 17 and 18:
1.1.4 Summary The picture that emer
Page 19 and 20:
Several of these theories fit rough
Page 21 and 22:
Chapter 16 takes a diachronic view
Page 23 and 24:
of grammar‘? The study of compoun
Page 25 and 26:
(kinsman, deersman) do not even hav
Page 27 and 28:
peculiarities: Chapter 1 offers det
Page 29 and 30:
2.2.2.1 Lexical and grammatical var
Page 31 and 32:
way, denotes. And finally, we come
Page 33 and 34:
modern, rather fashionable term) is
Page 35 and 36:
unit) of its own right and it enter
Page 37 and 38:
edbreast, highbrow, common sense, e
Page 39 and 40:
deep+water, by+way, etc. Here the p
Page 41 and 42:
side on conventionality, the criter
Page 43 and 44:
they could very well be regarded as
Page 45 and 46:
5 It is precisely this gradient cha
Page 47:
13 For instance, the English countr
Page 50 and 51:
3.2 Problems in the classification
Page 52 and 53:
As for the ―synthetic compound‖
Page 54 and 55:
The properties of these formations
Page 56 and 57:
c) Marchand (1969) (only endocentri
Page 58 and 59:
h) Bauer (2001b) 13 determinative/e
Page 60 and 61:
given that the notion of exocentric
Page 62 and 63:
different criteria (i.e. the relati
Page 64 and 65:
overtly expressed (see apron string
Page 66 and 67:
The compounds of these three classe
Page 68 and 69:
6) neoclassical compounds sW+sW sW+
Page 70 and 71:
) N+N subordinate compounds skeleto
Page 72 and 73:
3.4 A new proposal In line with Kuh
Page 74 and 75:
and the interpretation of the compo
Page 76 and 77:
Wurtenberg) or redundant as is the
Page 78 and 79:
that the classification can probabl
Page 80 and 81:
should be noted though that Bally
Page 82 and 83:
23 Please note that in our database
Page 84 and 85:
(section 4.1.2), and finally descri
Page 86 and 87:
In Lees‟s analysis, the deep stru
Page 88 and 89:
presenting and evaluating the theor
Page 90 and 91:
The issue of the power of the rules
Page 92 and 93:
As opposed to the introduction of r
Page 94 and 95:
c. he does not motivate the individ
Page 96 and 97:
4.2. Development of transformationa
Page 98 and 99:
the predicate to be deleted in the
Page 100 and 101:
expressions, e.g. soap opera, and p
Page 102 and 103:
One of the properties of Levi‟s a
Page 104 and 105:
Apart from Marchand, two other infl
Page 106 and 107:
(14) a. Holzhaus („timber house
Page 108 and 109:
4.3.1. Compounds in the lexicon Two
Page 110 and 111:
and much of the information of thes
Page 112 and 113:
nouns. Thus, the relationships in (
Page 114 and 115:
(affixes and neoclassical stems in
Page 116 and 117:
edbug). There are two distinctions
Page 118 and 119:
4.4.3. The legacy Although any cut-
Page 120 and 121:
Chapter 5. A Lexical Semantic Appro
Page 122 and 123:
of meaning than Jackendoff‘s and,
Page 124 and 125:
they are processual in nature. (3)
Page 126 and 127:
The affix -er has no special requir
Page 128 and 129:
likely candidates, by looking at fe
Page 130 and 131:
For the sake of argument, let‘s a
Page 132 and 133:
will therefore leave open the quest
Page 134 and 135:
(12) Classification of compounds (B
Page 136 and 137:
c. Coordinate endocentric: producer
Page 138 and 139:
(16) blue-green blue green [-dynami
Page 140 and 141:
(18) mother-child (relation, party)
Page 142 and 143:
implausible. The compounds in (19c)
Page 144 and 145:
(22) cookbook author cookbook autho
Page 146 and 147:
highest argument of pick must be in
Page 148 and 149:
Generally analyses of compounding i
Page 150 and 151:
interpretation that arises in the a
Page 152 and 153:
course, a novel claim - the recent
Page 154 and 155:
arguments can be characterized in t
Page 156 and 157:
(33) a. odori-tukare ‗dance-get t
Page 158 and 159:
5.7. Conclusion and prospectus Maki
Page 160 and 161:
6 Bisetto and Scalise (2005, this v
Page 162 and 163:
Chapter 6. Compounding in the Paral
Page 164 and 165:
Figure 6.1 offers a model in terms
Page 166 and 167:
(2) [VP V (NP) (PP)] Thus we arrive
Page 168 and 169:
c. Paired arguments: [Port-cornstar
Page 170 and 171:
1970 and Ryder 1994 asked subjects
Page 172 and 173:
. [[child camel] [jockey slavery]]
Page 174 and 175:
egarded as mappings directly betwee
Page 176 and 177:
than a full modern language, (b) co
Page 178 and 179:
So sometimes lexicalized meaning ha
Page 180 and 181:
elevator shaft = ‗shaft that an e
Page 182 and 183:
standard way to notate this is thro
Page 184 and 185:
players in the orchestra switched i
Page 186 and 187:
Action modality will be formalized
Page 188 and 189:
that F is filled out by copying REA
Page 190 and 191:
cocomposition; section 6.7 deals wi
Page 192 and 193:
A special case of LOC (X1, Y2). CAU
Page 194 and 195:
. N2 is a vehicle (cattle car, baby
Page 196 and 197:
(28) barber1 shop2 = SHOP2 α ;[PF
Page 198 and 199:
(32) a. bird1brain2 = PERSON α ; [
Page 200 and 201:
in (20) in order to account for the
Page 202 and 203:
7. Millikan develops the notion of
Page 204 and 205:
Chapter 7. Compounding in Distribut
Page 206 and 207:
point splits into two sub-derivatio
Page 208 and 209:
instances of Vocabulary Item compet
Page 210 and 211:
7.3. Compounding as syntax As noted
Page 212 and 213:
(5) a. nP n° √P √STUDi n° √
Page 214 and 215:
(7) nP n° √P √i n° √DRIVEi
Page 216 and 217:
where, in the corresponding verb ph
Page 218 and 219:
only be inserted in the context of
Page 220 and 221:
Having sketched a general incorpora
Page 222 and 223:
truck-drive will be ruled out becau
Page 224 and 225:
I will follow Sato 2007 in treating
Page 226 and 227:
way as their corresponding verb can
Page 228 and 229:
8 The feature which drives movement
Page 230 and 231:
c. pijen-o-erx(ome) (MG) f. bou-dat
Page 232 and 233:
(2) a. F (En) b. F (Fr) root compou
Page 234 and 235:
how they satisfy the Interface Inte
Page 236 and 237:
. *human primate non, *primate huma
Page 238 and 239:
oot in the basic asymmetry of morph
Page 240 and 241:
The only option available is that t
Page 242 and 243:
Thus, the motivation for the medial
Page 244 and 245:
Assuming as in Chomsky (1995-2007)
Page 246 and 247:
of the verb, and the indirect objec
Page 248 and 249:
(33) SAMPLE OF ENGLISH OPERATOR-AFF
Page 250 and 251:
when the root does not have I-Asp f
Page 252 and 253:
a part of natural languages. Quanti
Page 254 and 255:
8.2 Deriving compounds with Asymmet
Page 256 and 257:
ecursive systems, Move, (54), imple
Page 258 and 259:
In the Derivation-by-phase model, a
Page 260 and 261:
interfaces first, independently fro
Page 262 and 263:
derivations of compounds instantiat
Page 264 and 265:
specifier of the F-tree) has SM-fea
Page 266 and 267:
At Step 6, M-Link applies again, gi
Page 268 and 269:
Given the features matrices in (58a
Page 270 and 271:
shifting. M-Link applies in (83) an
Page 272 and 273:
have an F-XP structure, and they ar
Page 274 and 275:
according to which compounds are fo
Page 276 and 277:
equire more generative power than a
Page 278 and 279:
5 Compounds are asymmetrical in ter
Page 280 and 281:
12 Compounds have been argued to be
Page 282 and 283:
(Chomsky 2001, Legate 2003, Adger 2
Page 284 and 285:
Chapter 9. Compounding and Lexicali
Page 286 and 287:
as those in (1c) do not inherit the
Page 288 and 289:
and Mohanan (1985), Kiparsky (1985)
Page 290 and 291:
stratum-1 wept, fifth block the for
Page 292 and 293:
whereby syntactic processes can man
Page 294 and 295:
The distinction between phrase and
Page 296 and 297:
compositional semantics typically a
Page 298 and 299:
Prototypical adjectives such as tho
Page 300 and 301:
(4) toy factory woman doctor metal
Page 302 and 303:
constitute within the category Adje
Page 304 and 305:
I noted above that associative adje
Page 306 and 307:
(9) beautiful dancer heavy smoker b
Page 308 and 309:
only. Moreover, associative adjecti
Page 310 and 311:
Secondly, recall the examples first
Page 312 and 313:
(11) a. Is this a feline disease or
Page 314 and 315:
corn oil (compare olive oil, end-st
Page 316 and 317:
It has been shown, however, that th
Page 318 and 319:
As we would expect of lexical const
Page 320 and 321:
That a productive, stratum-2 phenom
Page 322 and 323:
Chapter 10. Compounding and constru
Page 324 and 325:
and it will be shown how they can b
Page 326 and 327:
(3)‘ [[a]X [b]Yi ]Y ‗Yi with re
Page 328 and 329:
compounding (and under certain cond
Page 330 and 331:
In the hierarchical lexicon approac
Page 332 and 333:
Therefore, the language user may as
Page 334 and 335:
The heads of the complex words have
Page 336 and 337:
10.3. Headedness issues Since Willi
Page 338 and 339:
―Constructed words arise from a g
Page 340 and 341:
(iii) separable complex verbs such
Page 342 and 343:
vlaggen-mak-erij ‗flag makery‘
Page 344 and 345:
schemas for the specification of th
Page 346 and 347:
marked (with the genitive ending -s
Page 348 and 349:
Chapter 11. Compounding from an ono
Page 350 and 351:
to the respective model will be giv
Page 352 and 353:
soudce ‗judge‘, < soud- ‗judg
Page 354 and 355:
(2) the pre-semantic level of conce
Page 356 and 357:
11.2.3.1 The overall model Štekaue
Page 358 and 359:
first step consists in the formatio
Page 360 and 361:
(4) Type ―integral metonymies and
Page 362 and 363:
11.2.6 Joachim Grzega In Grzega (20
Page 364 and 365:
The process is completed with the a
Page 366 and 367:
the model incorporates a type calle
Page 368 and 369:
junction of morphemes from other ty
Page 370 and 371:
Dokulil, Horecký, Blank and Koch.
Page 372 and 373:
category of, for example, privative
Page 374 and 375:
Chapter 12. Compounding in Cognitiv
Page 376 and 377:
whereby the semantic unit [OPENER]
Page 378 and 379:
Langacker (1999: 144) remarks, "eve
Page 380 and 381:
on properties that are too marginal
Page 382 and 383:
conceptualized as associated", such
Page 384 and 385:
In clear cases, Tuggy (2007: 152) s
Page 386 and 387:
grasp the meaning of a construction
Page 388 and 389:
their expression in the language it
Page 390 and 391:
Plag (2003: 132) starts his chapter
Page 392 and 393:
Booij 1992 for a semantic interpret
Page 394 and 395:
of compounding, she argues, are bas
Page 396 and 397:
listing results for compounds like
Page 398 and 399:
example which Ryder gives here is t
Page 400 and 401:
'blending', it also includes aspect
Page 402 and 403:
In a number of recent cognitive pub
Page 404 and 405:
as composite expressions, the use o
Page 406 and 407:
agnates have often been restricted
Page 408 and 409:
13.2. Theoretical Issues and Approa
Page 410 and 411: Pollatsek, Hyönä, & Bertram 2000,
Page 412 and 413: and Baayen model, this model assume
Page 414 and 415: Not all researchers agree that morp
Page 416 and 417: constituents were correlated with r
Page 418 and 419: Freeman (1979), that the morphologi
Page 420 and 421: speeded responses to orgel. Likewis
Page 422 and 423: was related to the meaning of the w
Page 424 and 425: availability of a word‘s lexical
Page 426 and 427: opaque compounds, like transparent
Page 428 and 429: meaning. That is, the meaning of ev
Page 430 and 431: 13.5. Final Thoughts Psycholinguist
Page 432 and 433: 14.2. Related theories 14.2.1 Dokul
Page 434 and 435: ‗townsman‘, cizinec ‗foreigne
Page 436 and 437: modifier, not by the head: 4 the se
Page 438 and 439: Zimmer (1971, 1972) should be credi
Page 440 and 441: - the concept of word-formation as
Page 442 and 443: elongs. Onomasiological Types are c
Page 444 and 445: verbal head functions as an onomasi
Page 446 and 447: epresented by the base does or what
Page 448 and 449: In our example, a prototypical feat
Page 450 and 451: the onomasiological structure will
Page 452 and 453: glass. They related their observati
Page 454 and 455: h. If the structure contains the In
Page 456 and 457: In any case, the role of the relati
Page 458 and 459: 14.3.7 Objectified Predictability R
Page 462 and 463: used for doing something to balls
Page 464 and 465: In fact, every predictable meaning
Page 466 and 467: 12. Knowledge of the meaning(s) of
Page 468 and 469: The transpositional type of onomasi
Page 470 and 471: 20 Cf, for example, van Lint (1982)
Page 472 and 473: language. 2 These may be extended b
Page 474 and 475: internally to the modifier noun in
Page 476 and 477: uttons‘, or a tool that we use in
Page 478 and 479: were asked to describe picture card
Page 480 and 481: Schoolchildren and adults made rath
Page 482 and 483: favored by children as well. To thi
Page 484 and 485: nominal constructions in their lang
Page 486 and 487: different relations had no effect o
Page 488 and 489: In order to comprehend and produce
Page 490 and 491: Another facet of acquisition of com
Page 492 and 493: 15.3.4 A long developmental route:
Page 494 and 495: phrasal context -- e.g., *tmunat sh
Page 496 and 497: compounds in their oral narratives
Page 498 and 499: 15.4. Discussion Analysis of a rang
Page 500 and 501: of passives in different languages
Page 502 and 503: constructed out of consonantal root
Page 504 and 505: (as in Vogel and Raimy‘s study) b
Page 506 and 507: Endnotes I am grateful to Wolfgang
Page 508 and 509: indicated as +Gen, for ‗genitive
Page 510 and 511:
18 The language-particular arbitrar
Page 512 and 513:
ecome "words", i.e. units to be use
Page 514 and 515:
some kind of affixation, which woul
Page 516 and 517:
1978; Lieber 1983), whose second pa
Page 518 and 519:
cf. the history of burger (Marchand
Page 520 and 521:
ending, usually the genitive, but o
Page 522 and 523:
characterized by stress/ablaut and
Page 524 and 525:
6. Imperative compounds, e.g. Mene-
Page 526 and 527:
structure modifier + head. This may
Page 528 and 529:
nominative relative pronoun of the
Page 530 and 531:
of such constructions in the German
Page 532 and 533:
In this connection, another IE comp
Page 534 and 535:
formations are younger than the nom
Page 536 and 537:
9 Jacobi (1898:111) argues "dass in
Page 538 and 539:
ung / -ing-action nouns and the par
Page 540 and 541:
Chapter 17. Typology of Compounds L
Page 542 and 543:
Ainu also has incorporation, often
Page 544 and 545:
‘way of speaking’, and ike ‘a
Page 546 and 547:
Where verbs are concerned, these ma
Page 548 and 549:
Handschuh derives from the gender o
Page 550 and 551:
Some of the languages that display
Page 552 and 553:
construction. But the word as a who
Page 554 and 555:
does not permit such a wide range o
Page 556 and 557:
appears to be exocentric, and in En
Page 558 and 559:
may be a form of incorporation. Aga
Page 560 and 561:
Endnotes hyponymic drink‘ nourish
Page 562 and 563:
organize English compounding data r
Page 564 and 565:
oot or primary compounds fall into
Page 566 and 567:
or adjectives in question are seman
Page 568 and 569:
Compounds in which the second const
Page 570 and 571:
of this type to around the time of
Page 572 and 573:
eard) is not taken for granted, bot
Page 574 and 575:
what is denoted by the second const
Page 576 and 577:
although they show the characterist
Page 578 and 579:
Figure 18.2. N N N V truck drive er
Page 580 and 581:
stick taster). And most recently, R
Page 582 and 583:
2 Note that when I classify a compo
Page 584 and 585:
Second, (nominal) compounding is re
Page 586 and 587:
Lieber 1992a) and the theoretical i
Page 588 and 589:
computer spel computerspel ‗compu
Page 590 and 591:
wild man wíldeman ‗wild man‘ S
Page 592 and 593:
koop ziek koopziek ‗buy ill‘ le
Page 594 and 595:
(21) a subordinate clause (no separ
Page 596 and 597:
in the separable cases, the prefix
Page 598 and 599:
compound gets the main stress of th
Page 600 and 601:
In the literature a much-debated is
Page 602 and 603:
19.3. Synthetic Compounds Synthetic
Page 604 and 605:
compounds or with phrases. Verb Rai
Page 606 and 607:
Booij & Van Santen (1998: 165) prov
Page 608 and 609:
(47) a stenen-gooi-er ‗rock-trowe
Page 610 and 611:
Chapter 20: IE, Germanic: German Ma
Page 612 and 613:
quite frequent while the productivi
Page 614 and 615:
sense or something else (sometimes
Page 616 and 617:
perspective are: What is the distri
Page 618 and 619:
marker of the respective lexeme. Th
Page 620 and 621:
(11) a e Tag+Buch Tagebuch ‗diary
Page 622 and 623:
(13) In a compound, the second cons
Page 624 and 625:
(16) a woman that sells fish b woma
Page 626 and 627:
structure, and they lack linking el
Page 628 and 629:
Moreover, the noun Hemmer is in the
Page 630 and 631:
(21) a Kur+Urlaub Kurlaub ‗cure+h
Page 632 and 633:
2 Donalies (2004) regards self-comp
Page 634 and 635:
(2) (3) Som regel elsker folk deres
Page 636 and 637:
(5) ‘the big cars’ Huset er sto
Page 638 and 639:
21.2 Introduction to Compounding Wh
Page 640 and 641:
article, as in det store hus (see (
Page 642 and 643:
exhaustive list of semantic relatio
Page 644 and 645:
‘shortage of time’ and kartotek
Page 646 and 647:
Adjective + noun compounds generall
Page 648 and 649:
ulle·stol roll·chair wheelchair I
Page 650 and 651:
To illustrate the productivity of c
Page 652 and 653:
køre·teknisk (EB 3) drive·techni
Page 654 and 655:
[vi] har ret til at … i·land·s
Page 656 and 657:
soon something not suits her ‗She
Page 658 and 659:
outline of the way in which compoun
Page 660 and 661:
If they are, it means that the expr
Page 662 and 663:
guerre froide „cold war‟ lit.
Page 664 and 665:
X \ Y N A V ADV N N A N prêtre-ouv
Page 666 and 667:
The NA and AN cases have already be
Page 668 and 669:
22.3. French VN compounds The issue
Page 670 and 671:
22.3.2. The nature of the first con
Page 672 and 673:
conclude that Darmesteter‘s accou
Page 674 and 675:
Denotatum Example Glosses Agent por
Page 676 and 677:
Locative I traîne-buisson ‗bird
Page 678 and 679:
from the 2 nd conjugational group,
Page 680 and 681:
„N1N2 is a N1 that is also a N2 a
Page 682 and 683:
The property in question may concer
Page 684 and 685:
(33) *Un responsable surgelés est
Page 686 and 687:
la filière bois se développe ?le
Page 688 and 689:
Abbreviations The Leipzig Glossing
Page 690 and 691:
Chapter 23. IE, Romance: Spanish La
Page 692 and 693:
compounds), perhaps with the sole e
Page 694 and 695:
ightly been noted that, although th
Page 696 and 697:
(2) a. Carlos es un [Xº sinvergüe
Page 698 and 699:
(3) a. cantante autor A+A singer au
Page 700 and 701:
N+A / A+N These compounds are usual
Page 702 and 703:
23.3. Discussion In the previous se
Page 704 and 705:
The justification of why compounds
Page 706 and 707:
characteristic of syntactic words.
Page 708 and 709:
exists a clear-cut separation betwe
Page 710 and 711:
the examples (cf., for instance, Br
Page 712 and 713:
specific ad hoc properties. And, ad
Page 714 and 715:
1 The notion of head employed here
Page 716 and 717:
13 This analysis can also be applie
Page 718 and 719:
. kakotixos < kak- tix- -os unlucky
Page 720 and 721:
number of parameters, which refer t
Page 722 and 723:
item. Thus, when it is combined wit
Page 724 and 725:
sweet (and) bitter sweet bitter Not
Page 726 and 727:
suffix has the form of -i- (-s is t
Page 728 and 729:
24.7. Borderline cases In Greek, as
Page 730 and 731:
Endnotes 1 Greek examples are given
Page 732 and 733:
14 I choose not to include appositi
Page 734 and 735:
their classification and interpreta
Page 736 and 737:
compounding. 2 That is to say, ther
Page 738 and 739:
adaptations evidently modelled on t
Page 740 and 741:
Thus, the compound status of wodog
Page 742 and 743:
(6) Stem 1 Stem 2 Example N N ocz-o
Page 744 and 745:
According to traditional accounts,
Page 746 and 747:
When analysed from the functional p
Page 748 and 749:
The examples presented so far give
Page 750 and 751:
-ł- trw-a-ć ‗last‘ trwa-ł-y
Page 752 and 753:
Another look at instances of compou
Page 754 and 755:
ciemnoczerwony ‗dark red‘, jasn
Page 756 and 757:
5 When looked at from another angle
Page 758 and 759:
Chapter 26. Sino-Tibetan: Mandarin
Page 760 and 761:
natural languages. In particular, f
Page 762 and 763:
26.2.2 Attributive compounds Attrib
Page 764 and 765:
As far as Chinese compounding is co
Page 766 and 767:
On the basis of Ceccagno and Bascia
Page 768 and 769:
Table 26.4 shows examples of two-he
Page 770 and 771:
[卫星] N [电视] N wèixīng di
Page 772 and 773:
al., in press). Second, our general
Page 774 and 775:
Tables: Table 26.1 - Subordinate ri
Page 776 and 777:
Table 26.5 - Exocentric compounds C
Page 778 and 779:
高矮 gāoăi CRD [A+A] N n high +
Page 780 and 781:
pāngāo ‗climb + high = climb up
Page 782 and 783:
Chapter 27. Afro-Asiatic, Semitic:
Page 784 and 785:
properties with compounds. Finally,
Page 786 and 787:
. *beyt xadaš xolim house new pati
Page 788 and 789:
14. a. hu bana li shney batey ‗ec
Page 790 and 791:
Not so in compounds, where the non-
Page 792 and 793:
to be contrasted with the construct
Page 794 and 795:
d. *kir me‘a/harbe levenim; *beyt
Page 796 and 797:
When applied to constructs with a (
Page 798 and 799:
'the same [(*senior) teacher's hous
Page 800 and 801:
36. a. *beyt xolim xroniyim; *ha-be
Page 802 and 803:
42. Compounds M-constructs R-constr
Page 804 and 805:
violations of the Coordinate Struct
Page 806 and 807:
e that they are not a morphological
Page 808 and 809:
Reformulate the original question,
Page 810 and 811:
least for Hebrew compounds, then, t
Page 812 and 813:
11 The existence of P+N constructs
Page 814 and 815:
Chapter 28 Isolate: Japanese Taro K
Page 816 and 817:
d. Compound VNs: N-VN isi-kettei li
Page 818 and 819:
Headless or exocentric compounds. E
Page 820 and 821:
The nature of the exocentric compou
Page 822 and 823:
. Kono eiga-wa [Spielberg | seisaku
Page 824 and 825:
From this vantage point, W + -level
Page 826 and 827:
work in the morphological plane, wh
Page 828 and 829:
appears that only a highly limited
Page 830 and 831:
VN incorporation. In the light verb
Page 832 and 833:
compound can bear the honorific pre
Page 834 and 835:
If noun doubling and modifier stran
Page 836 and 837:
Table 28.1: Functions of compounded
Page 838 and 839:
Table 28.3: Lexical vs. syntactic V
Page 840 and 841:
Chapter 29. Uralic, Finno-Ugric: Hu
Page 842 and 843:
(1) shows the productive compoundin
Page 844 and 845:
Consequently, it seems to be more a
Page 846 and 847:
(6) Level#et ír ‗letter-acc writ
Page 848 and 849:
(10) a. The nonhead of a deverbal c
Page 850 and 851:
kutya+ugatás ‗barking of a dog/d
Page 852 and 853:
. kormány+átalakítás ‗reconst
Page 854 and 855:
(20) regény+író ‗novel-writer
Page 856 and 857:
(25) a. *a felrobbantó the blower
Page 858 and 859:
(31) a. fel+megy vagy fel+mászik
Page 860 and 861:
29.7. Exocentric compounds Bahuvrih
Page 862 and 863:
Endnotes 1 The present paper is par
Page 864 and 865:
Chapter 30. Athapaskan: Slave * Ker
Page 866 and 867:
First are compounds where the form
Page 868 and 869:
c. tɛh tl‘uh ‗ice line‘ (all
Page 870 and 871:
. bɛh k‘ái ‗seagull‘ (Hare,
Page 872 and 873:
(8) a. dlo b r ‗cheese‘ (Hare)
Page 874 and 875:
(10) [Noun-Noun]N compounds a. dlo
Page 876 and 877:
c. n yíi ‗mine‘ (Sahtú) n ‗
Page 878 and 879:
Postposition-Noun compounds also oc
Page 880 and 881:
d. [‘ihb go] ke ‗running shoes,
Page 882 and 883:
30.3. Classes of Noun-Noun compound
Page 884 and 885:
f. lálɛníh ‘e ‗sweater‘ (H
Page 886 and 887:
[th]ɛ ‗belt‘ -[dh] ‗belt, po
Page 888 and 889:
This suffix has two forms - one, -
Page 890 and 891:
j ‘ɛnáke ‘é ‗parka‘ (Sah
Page 892 and 893:
(31) a. mí kwe ‗sinker for net
Page 894 and 895:
(34) a. shi ‗song‘ gah yín ‗
Page 896 and 897:
Important to this discussion is the
Page 898 and 899:
h. libó ghínɛ ‗bowl‘ (all) l
Page 900 and 901:
Recall that in the possessive const
Page 902 and 903:
c. [s]óts‘ɛd ya ‗necklace‘
Page 904 and 905:
(47) a. tli ‗dog‘ (Sahtú, Sout
Page 906 and 907:
* Many thanks to the editors and to
Page 908 and 909:
Chapter 31. Iroquoian: Mohawk Maria
Page 910 and 911:
(1) Basic nouns a. oká:ra‘ b. ok
Page 912 and 913:
. akohsá:tens ohsò:kwa‘ horse n
Page 914 and 915:
(7) Morphological verbs in use: Rit
Page 916 and 917:
have‘ above. 3 (The verb root -ie
Page 918 and 919:
correspondence with multi-word sent
Page 920 and 921:
iohsté:ris wakká:raien‘. io-hst
Page 922 and 923:
Mohawk has no lexical adjective cat
Page 924 and 925:
It has sometimes been proposed that
Page 926 and 927:
object) and -ia‟t-isak ‗seek (a
Page 928 and 929:
pronominal agents rather than patie
Page 930 and 931:
(27) Location noun: Kaia‘titáhkh
Page 932 and 933:
intransitively for singing. It can
Page 934 and 935:
Noun incorporation constructions ar
Page 936 and 937:
enhaia‘taniión:ten‘ ne:‘ ...
Page 938 and 939:
Tho ki‘ iehréta‘s tho ki‘ ie
Page 940 and 941:
(37) Further incorporated fruit: Ka
Page 942 and 943:
(39) Referent introduction: Kaia‘
Page 944 and 945:
Endnotes 1 Glosses are abbreviated
Page 946 and 947:
Chapter 32. Arawakan: Maipure-Yavit
Page 948 and 949:
Branches Languages († extinct) 1.
Page 950 and 951:
‗the ghost of the late Makapu‘
Page 952 and 953:
(6) anítu ‗wife‘ -áni ‗son
Page 954 and 955:
A genitive compound analogous to th
Page 956 and 957:
pausal form of (14b), for example,
Page 958 and 959:
(20) a wâù§ r i têwa- i b. apì
Page 960 and 961:
32.5. An apparent case of incipient
Page 962 and 963:
TABLE 32. 1 Incidence of compoundin
Page 964 and 965:
7 In various Arawakan languages of
Page 966 and 967:
33.1. Verb+Noun Compounding The bes
Page 968 and 969:
Mapudungun V+N compounding thus cou
Page 970 and 971:
Mapudungun depending on the compone
Page 972 and 973:
There is, however, a productive vei
Page 974 and 975:
(12) Antonio ngilla-ilo-trewa-y. (E
Page 976 and 977:
The grammatical head in these examp
Page 978 and 979:
For many of these, it is not clear
Page 980 and 981:
(19) a. Af-dungu-y-iñ. (Sm: 418) s
Page 982 and 983:
It may be, however, that the attach
Page 984 and 985:
surprised, then, to observe V+N=N c
Page 986 and 987:
(24) Ngilla-küme-pulku-a-n. (EL) b
Page 988 and 989:
across the different formal types o
Page 990 and 991:
5 Unlike Salas (1992), Augusta (190
Page 992 and 993:
suffix to them. By far the most pro
Page 994 and 995:
The strategy of creating a name for
Page 996 and 997:
It is tempting to relate these appa
Page 998 and 999:
clauses, where the object (if expre
Page 1000 and 1001:
pangki-kirli, pangki-parnta (skin-h
Page 1002 and 1003:
created with -ma-ni have Ergative s
Page 1004 and 1005:
(8) Manu ngirrilypa-warrki-jarri-mi
Page 1006 and 1007:
further property, whether the initi
Page 1008 and 1009:
1008 Some initial elements can form
Page 1010 and 1011:
syntactically free, or because it d
Page 1012 and 1013:
5 -kirli and -kurlu are used in the
Page 1014 and 1015:
Alegre, Maria A. and Peter Gordon (
Page 1016 and 1017:
Baayen, Harald, R., Ton Dijkstra, a
Page 1018 and 1019:
Basbøll, Hans (2005). The Phonolog
Page 1020 and 1021:
---- (1994). ‗Back-formation, cro
Page 1022 and 1023:
---- (2003). ‗Children‘s Lexica
Page 1024 and 1025:
---- (2001). ‗Sulla nozione di co
Page 1026 and 1027:
Morphology Meeting, Vienna, Februar
Page 1028 and 1029:
1028 Bradley, Dianne (1980). ‗Lex
Page 1030 and 1031:
---- (2006). ‗From Usage to Gramm
Page 1032 and 1033:
Cheng, Lisa L. and Huang, James C.
Page 1034 and 1035:
Philological Society 100(2), 163-16
Page 1036 and 1037:
---- (1977). ‗Inhaltliche Wortbil
Page 1038 and 1039:
Davis, Anthony R. and Jean-Pierre K
Page 1040 and 1041:
---- (1996). ‗Modularity and X o
Page 1042 and 1043:
Dixon, R. M. W. (1986). ‗Noun cla
Page 1044 and 1045:
Eichner and H. C. Luschützky (with
Page 1046 and 1047:
Fillmore, Charles (1968). ‗The Ca
Page 1048 and 1049:
Language 81: 723-735. Gagné, Chris
Page 1050 and 1051:
familiarity and orthography, concre
Page 1052 and 1053:
1052 Golluscio, Lucía (1997). ‗N
Page 1054 and 1055:
Haeseryn, Walter, K. Romijn, Guido
Page 1056 and 1057:
---- (2005). ‗Bare Phrase Structu
Page 1058 and 1059:
Hiramatsu, Kazuko, William Snyder,
Page 1060 and 1061:
Huang, Shuanfan (1998). ‗Chinese
Page 1062 and 1063:
Johnson, Kyle (2002). ‗Towards an
Page 1064 and 1065:
---- (1992b). ‗Typological Reorie
Page 1066 and 1067:
Kern, Sophie. (1996). Comment les E
Page 1068 and 1069:
ERPs,‘ Brain and Language. 1068 K
Page 1070 and 1071:
Laczkó, Tibor (2000). ‘Az argume
Page 1072 and 1073:
Lees, Robert B. (1960). The Grammar
Page 1074 and 1075:
University Press, 1-22. Libben, Gar
Page 1076 and 1077:
Longobardi, Giuseppe (2003). ‗La
Page 1078 and 1079:
Kastovsky (ed.) (1974) H. Marchand.
Page 1080 and 1081:
1080 Meibauer, Jörg (2001). ‗Lex
Page 1082 and 1083:
1082 ---- (2001c). ‗The differenc
Page 1084 and 1085:
Murphy, Victoria A. and Elena Nicol
Page 1086 and 1087:
1086 Nespor, Marina and Angela Rall
Page 1088 and 1089:
Ortner, Lorelies and Elgin, Müller
Page 1090 and 1091:
Pitt, David and Jerrold J. Katz (20
Page 1092 and 1093:
Rainer, Franz and Soledad Varela (1
Page 1094 and 1095:
Ravid, Dorit D. and Ruth A. Berman
Page 1096 and 1097:
1096 Rohrer, Christian (1966). Revi
Page 1098 and 1099:
---- (ed.) (1992). The Morphology o
Page 1100 and 1101:
Selkirk, Elisabeth O. (1982). The S
Page 1102 and 1103:
---- (1996). ‗From ―Thought and
Page 1104 and 1105:
---- (1997a). ‗On the semiotics o
Page 1106 and 1107:
Sun, Chaofen (2006). Chinese: A Lin
Page 1108 and 1109:
Tai, James H-Y. (2003). ‗Cognitiv
Page 1110 and 1111:
1110 Uriagereka, Juan (1999). ‗Mu
Page 1112 and 1113:
Wang Jun and Zheng Guoqiao, 1993. A
Page 1114 and 1115:
Wisniewski, Edward J. and Gregory L
Page 1116:
Zwitserlood, Pienie, Agnes Bolwiend
show all

1 Chapter 1. Introduction: status and definition of compounding ...

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?