1 Chapter 1. Introduction: status and definition of compounding ...

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oot or primary compounds fall into the subordinate class as well. The division is made not on the basis of the categorial composition of the compound, but on the basis of the grammatical/semantic relation between the constituents. In other words, nonsynthetic NN compounds can be classed as subordinate if they display and argumental (or quasi-argumental) relationship (e.g., cookbook author). Only where a clear argumental relationship between the compound constituents is lacking, will compounds be classed as attributive. The data I discuss below come from a number of sources – published works on compounding, the MORBO corpus, and my own relatively casual scrutiny of the New York Times. 18.1.1 Coordinate compounds English is perhaps richer in coordinate compounds than might first be thought. Table 18.1. summarizes the main types. 564
Table 18.1. Coordinate Compounds Endocentric Exocentric simultaneous mixture relationship collective disjunctive NN producer- director AA blue- green NN parent-child (relationship) VV stir-fry AA English- AA deaf mute French (negotiations) NN father- daughter (dance) VV pass- Certainly endocentric NN coordinates are not uncommon in English. Examples turned up in the New York Times include publishing-magnate owner (meaning ‗owner and publishing-magnate‘) and perhaps spiderman. MORBO contains comedy drama, king emperor and secretary treasurer. AA coordinates are also possible, although perhaps not common, and may have a either mixture reading (something which is blue green is a color between blue and green) or a simultaneous interpretation (for example, deaf mute). VV endocentric compounds can be found, but the type is unproductive; MORBO contains trickle irrigate, and a few others come to mind (slam dunk, blow dry), but these are not freely formed. Exocentrics seem quite productive, however, and can have a number of different interpretations. Generally, an exocentric NN or AA coordinate is possible when the two nouns fail 565
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Chapter 1. Introduction: status and
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always make a clean distinction bet
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. *Yitzl ran Bonki ~ Yitzl outran B
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Spelling also cannot be taken as a
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Nevertheless, theorists have repeat
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Sampson (1980: 265-266) suggests th
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volume]); vowel deletion (Hebrew [B
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evidence that a sequence of two roo
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1.1.4 Summary The picture that emer
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Several of these theories fit rough
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Chapter 16 takes a diachronic view
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of grammar‘? The study of compoun
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(kinsman, deersman) do not even hav
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peculiarities: Chapter 1 offers det
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2.2.2.1 Lexical and grammatical var
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way, denotes. And finally, we come
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modern, rather fashionable term) is
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unit) of its own right and it enter
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edbreast, highbrow, common sense, e
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deep+water, by+way, etc. Here the p
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side on conventionality, the criter
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they could very well be regarded as
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5 It is precisely this gradient cha
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13 For instance, the English countr
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3.2 Problems in the classification
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As for the ―synthetic compound‖
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The properties of these formations
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c) Marchand (1969) (only endocentri
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h) Bauer (2001b) 13 determinative/e
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given that the notion of exocentric
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different criteria (i.e. the relati
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overtly expressed (see apron string
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The compounds of these three classe
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6) neoclassical compounds sW+sW sW+
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) N+N subordinate compounds skeleto
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3.4 A new proposal In line with Kuh
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and the interpretation of the compo
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Wurtenberg) or redundant as is the
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that the classification can probabl
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should be noted though that Bally
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23 Please note that in our database
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(section 4.1.2), and finally descri
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In Lees‟s analysis, the deep stru
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presenting and evaluating the theor
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The issue of the power of the rules
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As opposed to the introduction of r
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c. he does not motivate the individ
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4.2. Development of transformationa
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the predicate to be deleted in the
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expressions, e.g. soap opera, and p
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One of the properties of Levi‟s a
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Apart from Marchand, two other infl
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(14) a. Holzhaus („timber house
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4.3.1. Compounds in the lexicon Two
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and much of the information of thes
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nouns. Thus, the relationships in (
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(affixes and neoclassical stems in
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edbug). There are two distinctions
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4.4.3. The legacy Although any cut-
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Chapter 5. A Lexical Semantic Appro
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of meaning than Jackendoff‘s and,
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they are processual in nature. (3)
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The affix -er has no special requir
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likely candidates, by looking at fe
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For the sake of argument, let‘s a
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will therefore leave open the quest
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(12) Classification of compounds (B
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c. Coordinate endocentric: producer
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(16) blue-green blue green [-dynami
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(18) mother-child (relation, party)
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implausible. The compounds in (19c)
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(22) cookbook author cookbook autho
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highest argument of pick must be in
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Generally analyses of compounding i
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interpretation that arises in the a
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course, a novel claim - the recent
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arguments can be characterized in t
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(33) a. odori-tukare ‗dance-get t
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5.7. Conclusion and prospectus Maki
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6 Bisetto and Scalise (2005, this v
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Chapter 6. Compounding in the Paral
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Figure 6.1 offers a model in terms
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(2) [VP V (NP) (PP)] Thus we arrive
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c. Paired arguments: [Port-cornstar
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1970 and Ryder 1994 asked subjects
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. [[child camel] [jockey slavery]]
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egarded as mappings directly betwee
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than a full modern language, (b) co
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So sometimes lexicalized meaning ha
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elevator shaft = ‗shaft that an e
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standard way to notate this is thro
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players in the orchestra switched i
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Action modality will be formalized
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that F is filled out by copying REA
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cocomposition; section 6.7 deals wi
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A special case of LOC (X1, Y2). CAU
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. N2 is a vehicle (cattle car, baby
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(28) barber1 shop2 = SHOP2 α ;[PF
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(32) a. bird1brain2 = PERSON α ; [
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in (20) in order to account for the
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7. Millikan develops the notion of
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Chapter 7. Compounding in Distribut
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point splits into two sub-derivatio
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instances of Vocabulary Item compet
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7.3. Compounding as syntax As noted
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(5) a. nP n° √P √STUDi n° √
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(7) nP n° √P √i n° √DRIVEi
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where, in the corresponding verb ph
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only be inserted in the context of
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Having sketched a general incorpora
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truck-drive will be ruled out becau
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I will follow Sato 2007 in treating
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way as their corresponding verb can
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8 The feature which drives movement
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c. pijen-o-erx(ome) (MG) f. bou-dat
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(2) a. F (En) b. F (Fr) root compou
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how they satisfy the Interface Inte
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. *human primate non, *primate huma
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oot in the basic asymmetry of morph
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The only option available is that t
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Thus, the motivation for the medial
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Assuming as in Chomsky (1995-2007)
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of the verb, and the indirect objec
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(33) SAMPLE OF ENGLISH OPERATOR-AFF
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when the root does not have I-Asp f
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a part of natural languages. Quanti
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8.2 Deriving compounds with Asymmet
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ecursive systems, Move, (54), imple
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In the Derivation-by-phase model, a
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interfaces first, independently fro
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derivations of compounds instantiat
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specifier of the F-tree) has SM-fea
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At Step 6, M-Link applies again, gi
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Given the features matrices in (58a
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shifting. M-Link applies in (83) an
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have an F-XP structure, and they ar
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according to which compounds are fo
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equire more generative power than a
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5 Compounds are asymmetrical in ter
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12 Compounds have been argued to be
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(Chomsky 2001, Legate 2003, Adger 2
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Chapter 9. Compounding and Lexicali
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as those in (1c) do not inherit the
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and Mohanan (1985), Kiparsky (1985)
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stratum-1 wept, fifth block the for
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whereby syntactic processes can man
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The distinction between phrase and
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compositional semantics typically a
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Prototypical adjectives such as tho
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(4) toy factory woman doctor metal
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constitute within the category Adje
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I noted above that associative adje
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(9) beautiful dancer heavy smoker b
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only. Moreover, associative adjecti
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Secondly, recall the examples first
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(11) a. Is this a feline disease or
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corn oil (compare olive oil, end-st
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It has been shown, however, that th
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As we would expect of lexical const
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That a productive, stratum-2 phenom
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Chapter 10. Compounding and constru
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and it will be shown how they can b
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(3)‘ [[a]X [b]Yi ]Y ‗Yi with re
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compounding (and under certain cond
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In the hierarchical lexicon approac
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Therefore, the language user may as
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The heads of the complex words have
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10.3. Headedness issues Since Willi
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―Constructed words arise from a g
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(iii) separable complex verbs such
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vlaggen-mak-erij ‗flag makery‘
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schemas for the specification of th
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marked (with the genitive ending -s
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Chapter 11. Compounding from an ono
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to the respective model will be giv
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soudce ‗judge‘, < soud- ‗judg
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(2) the pre-semantic level of conce
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11.2.3.1 The overall model Štekaue
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first step consists in the formatio
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(4) Type ―integral metonymies and
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11.2.6 Joachim Grzega In Grzega (20
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The process is completed with the a
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the model incorporates a type calle
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junction of morphemes from other ty
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Dokulil, Horecký, Blank and Koch.
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category of, for example, privative
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Chapter 12. Compounding in Cognitiv
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whereby the semantic unit [OPENER]
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Langacker (1999: 144) remarks, "eve
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on properties that are too marginal
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conceptualized as associated", such
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In clear cases, Tuggy (2007: 152) s
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grasp the meaning of a construction
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their expression in the language it
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Plag (2003: 132) starts his chapter
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Booij 1992 for a semantic interpret
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of compounding, she argues, are bas
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listing results for compounds like
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example which Ryder gives here is t
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'blending', it also includes aspect
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In a number of recent cognitive pub
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as composite expressions, the use o
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agnates have often been restricted
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13.2. Theoretical Issues and Approa
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Pollatsek, Hyönä, & Bertram 2000,
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and Baayen model, this model assume
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Not all researchers agree that morp
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constituents were correlated with r
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Freeman (1979), that the morphologi
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speeded responses to orgel. Likewis
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was related to the meaning of the w
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availability of a word‘s lexical
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opaque compounds, like transparent
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meaning. That is, the meaning of ev
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13.5. Final Thoughts Psycholinguist
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14.2. Related theories 14.2.1 Dokul
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‗townsman‘, cizinec ‗foreigne
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modifier, not by the head: 4 the se
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Zimmer (1971, 1972) should be credi
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- the concept of word-formation as
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elongs. Onomasiological Types are c
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verbal head functions as an onomasi
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epresented by the base does or what
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In our example, a prototypical feat
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the onomasiological structure will
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glass. They related their observati
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h. If the structure contains the In
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In any case, the role of the relati
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14.3.7 Objectified Predictability R
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From this it follows that a high ab
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used for doing something to balls
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In fact, every predictable meaning
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12. Knowledge of the meaning(s) of
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The transpositional type of onomasi
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20 Cf, for example, van Lint (1982)
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language. 2 These may be extended b
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internally to the modifier noun in
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uttons‘, or a tool that we use in
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were asked to describe picture card
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Schoolchildren and adults made rath
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favored by children as well. To thi
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nominal constructions in their lang
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different relations had no effect o
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In order to comprehend and produce
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Another facet of acquisition of com
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15.3.4 A long developmental route:
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phrasal context -- e.g., *tmunat sh
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compounds in their oral narratives
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15.4. Discussion Analysis of a rang
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of passives in different languages
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constructed out of consonantal root
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(as in Vogel and Raimy‘s study) b
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Endnotes I am grateful to Wolfgang
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indicated as +Gen, for ‗genitive
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18 The language-particular arbitrar
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ecome "words", i.e. units to be use
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Page 532 and 533: In this connection, another IE comp
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Page 536 and 537: 9 Jacobi (1898:111) argues "dass in
Page 538 and 539: ung / -ing-action nouns and the par
Page 540 and 541: Chapter 17. Typology of Compounds L
Page 542 and 543: Ainu also has incorporation, often
Page 544 and 545: ‘way of speaking’, and ike ‘a
Page 546 and 547: Where verbs are concerned, these ma
Page 548 and 549: Handschuh derives from the gender o
Page 550 and 551: Some of the languages that display
Page 552 and 553: construction. But the word as a who
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Page 558 and 559: may be a form of incorporation. Aga
Page 560 and 561: Endnotes hyponymic drink‘ nourish
Page 562 and 563: organize English compounding data r
Page 566 and 567: or adjectives in question are seman
Page 568 and 569: Compounds in which the second const
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Page 572 and 573: eard) is not taken for granted, bot
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Page 578 and 579: Figure 18.2. N N N V truck drive er
Page 580 and 581: stick taster). And most recently, R
Page 582 and 583: 2 Note that when I classify a compo
Page 584 and 585: Second, (nominal) compounding is re
Page 586 and 587: Lieber 1992a) and the theoretical i
Page 588 and 589: computer spel computerspel ‗compu
Page 590 and 591: wild man wíldeman ‗wild man‘ S
Page 592 and 593: koop ziek koopziek ‗buy ill‘ le
Page 594 and 595: (21) a subordinate clause (no separ
Page 596 and 597: in the separable cases, the prefix
Page 598 and 599: compound gets the main stress of th
Page 600 and 601: In the literature a much-debated is
Page 602 and 603: 19.3. Synthetic Compounds Synthetic
Page 604 and 605: compounds or with phrases. Verb Rai
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Page 608 and 609: (47) a stenen-gooi-er ‗rock-trowe
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sense or something else (sometimes
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perspective are: What is the distri
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marker of the respective lexeme. Th
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(11) a e Tag+Buch Tagebuch ‗diary
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(13) In a compound, the second cons
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(16) a woman that sells fish b woma
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structure, and they lack linking el
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Moreover, the noun Hemmer is in the
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(21) a Kur+Urlaub Kurlaub ‗cure+h
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2 Donalies (2004) regards self-comp
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(2) (3) Som regel elsker folk deres
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(5) ‘the big cars’ Huset er sto
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21.2 Introduction to Compounding Wh
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article, as in det store hus (see (
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exhaustive list of semantic relatio
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‘shortage of time’ and kartotek
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Adjective + noun compounds generall
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ulle·stol roll·chair wheelchair I
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To illustrate the productivity of c
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køre·teknisk (EB 3) drive·techni
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[vi] har ret til at … i·land·s
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soon something not suits her ‗She
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outline of the way in which compoun
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If they are, it means that the expr
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guerre froide „cold war‟ lit.
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X \ Y N A V ADV N N A N prêtre-ouv
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The NA and AN cases have already be
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22.3. French VN compounds The issue
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22.3.2. The nature of the first con
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conclude that Darmesteter‘s accou
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Denotatum Example Glosses Agent por
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Locative I traîne-buisson ‗bird
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from the 2 nd conjugational group,
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„N1N2 is a N1 that is also a N2 a
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The property in question may concer
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(33) *Un responsable surgelés est
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la filière bois se développe ?le
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Abbreviations The Leipzig Glossing
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Chapter 23. IE, Romance: Spanish La
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compounds), perhaps with the sole e
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ightly been noted that, although th
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(2) a. Carlos es un [Xº sinvergüe
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(3) a. cantante autor A+A singer au
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N+A / A+N These compounds are usual
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23.3. Discussion In the previous se
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The justification of why compounds
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characteristic of syntactic words.
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exists a clear-cut separation betwe
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the examples (cf., for instance, Br
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specific ad hoc properties. And, ad
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1 The notion of head employed here
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13 This analysis can also be applie
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. kakotixos < kak- tix- -os unlucky
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number of parameters, which refer t
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item. Thus, when it is combined wit
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sweet (and) bitter sweet bitter Not
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suffix has the form of -i- (-s is t
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24.7. Borderline cases In Greek, as
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Endnotes 1 Greek examples are given
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14 I choose not to include appositi
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their classification and interpreta
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compounding. 2 That is to say, ther
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adaptations evidently modelled on t
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Thus, the compound status of wodog
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(6) Stem 1 Stem 2 Example N N ocz-o
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According to traditional accounts,
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When analysed from the functional p
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The examples presented so far give
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-ł- trw-a-ć ‗last‘ trwa-ł-y
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Another look at instances of compou
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ciemnoczerwony ‗dark red‘, jasn
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5 When looked at from another angle
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Chapter 26. Sino-Tibetan: Mandarin
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natural languages. In particular, f
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26.2.2 Attributive compounds Attrib
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As far as Chinese compounding is co
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On the basis of Ceccagno and Bascia
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Table 26.4 shows examples of two-he
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[卫星] N [电视] N wèixīng di
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al., in press). Second, our general
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Tables: Table 26.1 - Subordinate ri
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Table 26.5 - Exocentric compounds C
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高矮 gāoăi CRD [A+A] N n high +
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pāngāo ‗climb + high = climb up
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Chapter 27. Afro-Asiatic, Semitic:
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properties with compounds. Finally,
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. *beyt xadaš xolim house new pati
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14. a. hu bana li shney batey ‗ec
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Not so in compounds, where the non-
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to be contrasted with the construct
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d. *kir me‘a/harbe levenim; *beyt
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When applied to constructs with a (
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'the same [(*senior) teacher's hous
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36. a. *beyt xolim xroniyim; *ha-be
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42. Compounds M-constructs R-constr
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violations of the Coordinate Struct
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e that they are not a morphological
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Reformulate the original question,
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least for Hebrew compounds, then, t
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11 The existence of P+N constructs
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Chapter 28 Isolate: Japanese Taro K
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d. Compound VNs: N-VN isi-kettei li
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Headless or exocentric compounds. E
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The nature of the exocentric compou
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. Kono eiga-wa [Spielberg | seisaku
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From this vantage point, W + -level
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work in the morphological plane, wh
Page 828 and 829:
appears that only a highly limited
Page 830 and 831:
VN incorporation. In the light verb
Page 832 and 833:
compound can bear the honorific pre
Page 834 and 835:
If noun doubling and modifier stran
Page 836 and 837:
Table 28.1: Functions of compounded
Page 838 and 839:
Table 28.3: Lexical vs. syntactic V
Page 840 and 841:
Chapter 29. Uralic, Finno-Ugric: Hu
Page 842 and 843:
(1) shows the productive compoundin
Page 844 and 845:
Consequently, it seems to be more a
Page 846 and 847:
(6) Level#et ír ‗letter-acc writ
Page 848 and 849:
(10) a. The nonhead of a deverbal c
Page 850 and 851:
kutya+ugatás ‗barking of a dog/d
Page 852 and 853:
. kormány+átalakítás ‗reconst
Page 854 and 855:
(20) regény+író ‗novel-writer
Page 856 and 857:
(25) a. *a felrobbantó the blower
Page 858 and 859:
(31) a. fel+megy vagy fel+mászik
Page 860 and 861:
29.7. Exocentric compounds Bahuvrih
Page 862 and 863:
Endnotes 1 The present paper is par
Page 864 and 865:
Chapter 30. Athapaskan: Slave * Ker
Page 866 and 867:
First are compounds where the form
Page 868 and 869:
c. tɛh tl‘uh ‗ice line‘ (all
Page 870 and 871:
. bɛh k‘ái ‗seagull‘ (Hare,
Page 872 and 873:
(8) a. dlo b r ‗cheese‘ (Hare)
Page 874 and 875:
(10) [Noun-Noun]N compounds a. dlo
Page 876 and 877:
c. n yíi ‗mine‘ (Sahtú) n ‗
Page 878 and 879:
Postposition-Noun compounds also oc
Page 880 and 881:
d. [‘ihb go] ke ‗running shoes,
Page 882 and 883:
30.3. Classes of Noun-Noun compound
Page 884 and 885:
f. lálɛníh ‘e ‗sweater‘ (H
Page 886 and 887:
[th]ɛ ‗belt‘ -[dh] ‗belt, po
Page 888 and 889:
This suffix has two forms - one, -
Page 890 and 891:
j ‘ɛnáke ‘é ‗parka‘ (Sah
Page 892 and 893:
(31) a. mí kwe ‗sinker for net
Page 894 and 895:
(34) a. shi ‗song‘ gah yín ‗
Page 896 and 897:
Important to this discussion is the
Page 898 and 899:
h. libó ghínɛ ‗bowl‘ (all) l
Page 900 and 901:
Recall that in the possessive const
Page 902 and 903:
c. [s]óts‘ɛd ya ‗necklace‘
Page 904 and 905:
(47) a. tli ‗dog‘ (Sahtú, Sout
Page 906 and 907:
* Many thanks to the editors and to
Page 908 and 909:
Chapter 31. Iroquoian: Mohawk Maria
Page 910 and 911:
(1) Basic nouns a. oká:ra‘ b. ok
Page 912 and 913:
. akohsá:tens ohsò:kwa‘ horse n
Page 914 and 915:
(7) Morphological verbs in use: Rit
Page 916 and 917:
have‘ above. 3 (The verb root -ie
Page 918 and 919:
correspondence with multi-word sent
Page 920 and 921:
iohsté:ris wakká:raien‘. io-hst
Page 922 and 923:
Mohawk has no lexical adjective cat
Page 924 and 925:
It has sometimes been proposed that
Page 926 and 927:
object) and -ia‟t-isak ‗seek (a
Page 928 and 929:
pronominal agents rather than patie
Page 930 and 931:
(27) Location noun: Kaia‘titáhkh
Page 932 and 933:
intransitively for singing. It can
Page 934 and 935:
Noun incorporation constructions ar
Page 936 and 937:
enhaia‘taniión:ten‘ ne:‘ ...
Page 938 and 939:
Tho ki‘ iehréta‘s tho ki‘ ie
Page 940 and 941:
(37) Further incorporated fruit: Ka
Page 942 and 943:
(39) Referent introduction: Kaia‘
Page 944 and 945:
Endnotes 1 Glosses are abbreviated
Page 946 and 947:
Chapter 32. Arawakan: Maipure-Yavit
Page 948 and 949:
Branches Languages († extinct) 1.
Page 950 and 951:
‗the ghost of the late Makapu‘
Page 952 and 953:
(6) anítu ‗wife‘ -áni ‗son
Page 954 and 955:
A genitive compound analogous to th
Page 956 and 957:
pausal form of (14b), for example,
Page 958 and 959:
(20) a wâù§ r i têwa- i b. apì
Page 960 and 961:
32.5. An apparent case of incipient
Page 962 and 963:
TABLE 32. 1 Incidence of compoundin
Page 964 and 965:
7 In various Arawakan languages of
Page 966 and 967:
33.1. Verb+Noun Compounding The bes
Page 968 and 969:
Mapudungun V+N compounding thus cou
Page 970 and 971:
Mapudungun depending on the compone
Page 972 and 973:
There is, however, a productive vei
Page 974 and 975:
(12) Antonio ngilla-ilo-trewa-y. (E
Page 976 and 977:
The grammatical head in these examp
Page 978 and 979:
For many of these, it is not clear
Page 980 and 981:
(19) a. Af-dungu-y-iñ. (Sm: 418) s
Page 982 and 983:
It may be, however, that the attach
Page 984 and 985:
surprised, then, to observe V+N=N c
Page 986 and 987:
(24) Ngilla-küme-pulku-a-n. (EL) b
Page 988 and 989:
across the different formal types o
Page 990 and 991:
5 Unlike Salas (1992), Augusta (190
Page 992 and 993:
suffix to them. By far the most pro
Page 994 and 995:
The strategy of creating a name for
Page 996 and 997:
It is tempting to relate these appa
Page 998 and 999:
clauses, where the object (if expre
Page 1000 and 1001:
pangki-kirli, pangki-parnta (skin-h
Page 1002 and 1003:
created with -ma-ni have Ergative s
Page 1004 and 1005:
(8) Manu ngirrilypa-warrki-jarri-mi
Page 1006 and 1007:
further property, whether the initi
Page 1008 and 1009:
1008 Some initial elements can form
Page 1010 and 1011:
syntactically free, or because it d
Page 1012 and 1013:
5 -kirli and -kurlu are used in the
Page 1014 and 1015:
Alegre, Maria A. and Peter Gordon (
Page 1016 and 1017:
Baayen, Harald, R., Ton Dijkstra, a
Page 1018 and 1019:
Basbøll, Hans (2005). The Phonolog
Page 1020 and 1021:
---- (1994). ‗Back-formation, cro
Page 1022 and 1023:
---- (2003). ‗Children‘s Lexica
Page 1024 and 1025:
---- (2001). ‗Sulla nozione di co
Page 1026 and 1027:
Morphology Meeting, Vienna, Februar
Page 1028 and 1029:
1028 Bradley, Dianne (1980). ‗Lex
Page 1030 and 1031:
---- (2006). ‗From Usage to Gramm
Page 1032 and 1033:
Cheng, Lisa L. and Huang, James C.
Page 1034 and 1035:
Philological Society 100(2), 163-16
Page 1036 and 1037:
---- (1977). ‗Inhaltliche Wortbil
Page 1038 and 1039:
Davis, Anthony R. and Jean-Pierre K
Page 1040 and 1041:
---- (1996). ‗Modularity and X o
Page 1042 and 1043:
Dixon, R. M. W. (1986). ‗Noun cla
Page 1044 and 1045:
Eichner and H. C. Luschützky (with
Page 1046 and 1047:
Fillmore, Charles (1968). ‗The Ca
Page 1048 and 1049:
Language 81: 723-735. Gagné, Chris
Page 1050 and 1051:
familiarity and orthography, concre
Page 1052 and 1053:
1052 Golluscio, Lucía (1997). ‗N
Page 1054 and 1055:
Haeseryn, Walter, K. Romijn, Guido
Page 1056 and 1057:
---- (2005). ‗Bare Phrase Structu
Page 1058 and 1059:
Hiramatsu, Kazuko, William Snyder,
Page 1060 and 1061:
Huang, Shuanfan (1998). ‗Chinese
Page 1062 and 1063:
Johnson, Kyle (2002). ‗Towards an
Page 1064 and 1065:
---- (1992b). ‗Typological Reorie
Page 1066 and 1067:
Kern, Sophie. (1996). Comment les E
Page 1068 and 1069:
ERPs,‘ Brain and Language. 1068 K
Page 1070 and 1071:
Laczkó, Tibor (2000). ‘Az argume
Page 1072 and 1073:
Lees, Robert B. (1960). The Grammar
Page 1074 and 1075:
University Press, 1-22. Libben, Gar
Page 1076 and 1077:
Longobardi, Giuseppe (2003). ‗La
Page 1078 and 1079:
Kastovsky (ed.) (1974) H. Marchand.
Page 1080 and 1081:
1080 Meibauer, Jörg (2001). ‗Lex
Page 1082 and 1083:
1082 ---- (2001c). ‗The differenc
Page 1084 and 1085:
Murphy, Victoria A. and Elena Nicol
Page 1086 and 1087:
1086 Nespor, Marina and Angela Rall
Page 1088 and 1089:
Ortner, Lorelies and Elgin, Müller
Page 1090 and 1091:
Pitt, David and Jerrold J. Katz (20
Page 1092 and 1093:
Rainer, Franz and Soledad Varela (1
Page 1094 and 1095:
Ravid, Dorit D. and Ruth A. Berman
Page 1096 and 1097:
1096 Rohrer, Christian (1966). Revi
Page 1098 and 1099:
---- (ed.) (1992). The Morphology o
Page 1100 and 1101:
Selkirk, Elisabeth O. (1982). The S
Page 1102 and 1103:
---- (1996). ‗From ―Thought and
Page 1104 and 1105:
---- (1997a). ‗On the semiotics o
Page 1106 and 1107:
Sun, Chaofen (2006). Chinese: A Lin
Page 1108 and 1109:
Tai, James H-Y. (2003). ‗Cognitiv
Page 1110 and 1111:
1110 Uriagereka, Juan (1999). ‗Mu
Page 1112 and 1113:
Wang Jun and Zheng Guoqiao, 1993. A
Page 1114 and 1115:
Wisniewski, Edward J. and Gregory L
Page 1116:
Zwitserlood, Pienie, Agnes Bolwiend
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