the Aviation Dictionary

special VFR (SVFR) conditions. speed segments
activities from IFR traffic and to identify for VFR specific gravity adjustment - A he1 control adjustment
traffic where these activities are conducted.
that changes the fuel scheduling for use of fuels with
d. Prohibited Area - Airspace designated under Part differing specific gravities.
73 within which no person may operate an aircraft
specific heat - 1. The amount of heat required to raise
without the permission of the using agency.
a. Restricted Area - Airspace designated under FAR
the temperature of one gram of a substance one degree
Celsius. 2. The ratio of the amount of heat required to
Part 73, within which the flight of aircraft, while not
raise the temperature of a body lo, compared with the
wholly prohibited, is subject to restriction. Most
amount of heat required to raise the temperature of an
restricted areas are designated joint use and [FRNFR
equal mass of water lo.
operations in the area can be authorized by the
controlling ATC facility when it is not being utilized specific humidity - The percentage, by weight, of water
by the using agency. Restricted areas are depicted on va~or in an air sample.
enroute chags.Where joint use is authorized, the name
of the ATC controlling facility is also shown.
specific thrust - A ratio of mass airflow and net thrust.
e. Warning Area - A warning area is airspace of
One means of comparison between engines.
defined dimensions extending from 3 nautical miles specific weight - Density expressed in pounds per cubic
outward from the coast of the United States, that feet (lb./cu. ft.).
contains activity that can be hazardous to
nonparticipating The purpose of such warning
specifications - Data concerning dimensions, weights,
areas is to warn nonparticipating pilots of the potential
performance, locations, etc.
danger. A warning area can be located over domestic
or international waters or both.
special VFR (SWR) conditions - Weather conditions
that are less than basic VFR weather conditions, but
permit flight under VFR within the lateral boundaries
of the surface areas of Class B, C, D, or E airspace
designated for an airport. ATC authorization must be
received.
special VFR flight IICAOl - A VFR flight cleared by
air traffic control to operate within Class B, C, D, and
E surface areas in meteorological conditions below
VMC.
special VFR operations - Aircraft operating in
accordance with clearances within Class B, C, D, and E
surface areas in weather conditions less than the basic
VFR weather minima. Such operations must be
requested by the pilot and approved by ATC.
specialized instructional services - Ground or flight
instruction that is oriented to building knowledge and
skills in areas other than training pilots for specific
certificates or ratings. Some examples include flight
reviews, instrument proficiency checks, and transition
training. Others involve aircraft checkouts for
tailwheel, complex, high-performance, and highaltitude
airplanes. In addition, a flight instructor can
help experienced military pilots transition to general
aviation aircraft or have an opportunity to provide
instruction in homebuilt airplanes. Regional or local
checkouts are additional areas where specialized
instruction can benefit pilots and increase safety.
spectrometric oil analysis - A system of oil analysis in
which a sample of oil is burned and the resulting light
is examined for its wavelengths. This test can
determine the amount of metals in the oil and can give
warning of an impending engine failure.
spectro-photometer - A special device used to
determine the way a surface reflects light waves of all
frequencies. It is used to analyze paint pigments.
speed - The act of moving swiftly, or the rate of
movement.
speed adjustment - An ATC procedure used to request
pilots to adjust aircraft speed to a specific value for the
purpose of providing desired spacing. Pilots are
expected to maintain a speed of plus or minus 10 knots
or 0.02 mach number of the specified speed.
Examples of speed adjustments are:
a. "Increase/reduce speed to mach point (number)."
b. "Increase/reduce speed to (speed in knots)" or
"Increase/reduce speed (number of knots) knots."
speed brakes - A control system that extends from the
airplane structure into the slipstream to produce drag
and slow the airplane.
speed handle - A crank-shaped handle used to turn
socket wrenches more quickly.
speed of light - The speed at which light travels in a
vacuum. 299,792.5 kmtsec or 186,282 milesisec.
speed of sound - The speed at which sound waves
travel. At sea level, under standard atmospheric
specific fuel consumption - Number of pounds of he1 conditions, sound travels 760 mph, 340 dsec, or 1,116
consumed in one hour to produce 1 HP. ft./sec. Referred to as Mach-one. Symbol M.
specific - ~h~ ratio of the of a given speed segments - Portions of the arrival route between
volume of a material to the same volume of pure water. the transition point and the vertex along the optimum
flight path for which speeds and altitudes are specified.
There is one set of arrival speed segments adapted from
Aircraft Technical Book Company
P.O. Box 270
Tabernash, CO 80478
http:llwww.ACTechbooks.com