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plated in those who fail to initial therapy. The different parameters are compared with the prior treatment values and evaluated. A possible necessity of histopathological assessment by follow-up biopsy may be required in certain atypical situations. Nuclear studies and PET in particular have been recommended for the evaluation of recurrence of various lymphomas [77] . FUTURE PERSPECTIVE There has been a tremendous leap in the diagnosis, staging and management of gastrointestinal lymphoma in the last two decades. With a better insight into its etiology and molecular aspect, various critical signaling pathways provide an impetus with greater benefits. Identification of the cell surface antigens has led to the introduction of monoclonal antibodies like Rituximab and radioimmunotherapy that can result in a more targeted approach with a significant impact for the overall management of lymphoma. A deep understanding of the role of monoclonal antibodies in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal lymphoma has led to development of the second and third generations of anti CD-20 antibodies (ofatumumab, veltuzumab, ocrelizumab), anti CD-22 antibodies such a Epratuzumab, anti CD-30 antibodies such as SGN-30, anti CD-40 antibody SGN-40, and anti vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) antibody bevacizumab [78] . Furthermore, addition of cytokines and other immune modulators has a boon resulting from a better understanding of the antibody activities at targeted tissues. Agents targeting the Bcl-2, Syk and the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways have emerged as a more biologically- focused management with further development in this field [79] . Another important aspect to be considered is the increasing sensitivity and specificity of imaging techniques like EUS and PET-CT in the diagnosis of lymphomas. An emerging field is the molecular imaging with a variety of new radiopharmaceutical agents that target the upregulated specific receptors in cancer cells [80] . CONCLUSION The epidemiology, clinical presentation, histopathologic subtypes, as well as radiological presentation of gastrointestinal lymphomas are highlighted in this review, with emphasis laid on the need for accurate diagnosis, staging, treatment of the disease with the promising novel techniques. REFERENCES 1 Freeman C, Berg JW, Cutler SJ. Occurrence and prognosis of extranodal lymphomas. Cancer 1972; 29: 252-260 2 Herrmann R, Panahon AM, Barcos MP, Walsh D, Stutzman L. Gastrointestinal involvement in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Cancer 1980; 46: 215-222 3 Rizvi MA, Evens AM, Tallman MS, Nelson BP, Rosen ST. T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Blood 2006; 107: 1255-1264 4 Engels EA. Infectious agents as causes of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. 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Page 1 and 2: World Journal of Gastroenterology W
Page 3 and 4: Robert JL Fraser, Daw Park Jacob Ge
Page 5 and 6: Italy Donato F Altomare, Bari Piero
Page 7 and 8: Fernando Azpiroz, Barcelona Ramon B
Page 9 and 10: S Contents EDITORIAL REVIEW ORIGINA
Page 11 and 12: Contents ACKNOWLEDGMENTS APPENDIX A
Page 13 and 14: Jahn KA et al . Colon cancer and li
Page 23 and 24: Săftoiu A. Imaging techniques in E
Page 29 and 30: Ghimire P et al . Primary GI lympho
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Page 39: Online Submissions: http://www.wjgn
Page 42 and 43: Table 2 Comparison of hepatitis B e
Page 45 and 46: Utama A et al . HBV core promoter m
Page 47 and 48: Utama A et al . HBV core promoter m
Page 49 and 50: Motoki T et al . Glutamine depletio
Page 51 and 52: Table 2 Nutrient composition of mou
Page 53 and 54: A Motoki T et al . Glutamine deplet
Page 55 and 56: A Counts B % of sub-G0 cell populat
Page 57 and 58: Motoki T et al . Glutamine depletio
Page 59 and 60: Hu JD et al . Urinary metabolomic p
Page 61 and 62: Abundance/× 10 6 Abundance/× 10 6
Page 63 and 64: A Regression factor scores 2 for an
Page 65 and 66: Hu JD et al . Urinary metabolomic p
Page 67: Fu JF et al . NAFLD and metabolic s
Page 70 and 71: developing hypertension (OR: 2.18,
Page 72 and 73: obese and exhibited higher insulin
Page 74 and 75: Online Submissions: http://www.wjgn
Page 77 and 78: Roberts SE et al . Perinatal factor
Page 79 and 80: Roberts SE et al . Perinatal factor
Page 81 and 82: Online Submissions: http://www.wjgn
Page 83 and 84: Oksaharju A et al . Probiotics regu
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Oksaharju A et al . Probiotics regu
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Online Submissions: http://www.wjgn
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Factors associated with improved su
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Koehler-Santos P et al . Identifica
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Koehler-Santos P et al . Identifica
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Goenka MK et al . Capsule endoscopy
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Tatsuki M et al . Hypermagnesemia a
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Chang CC et al . Parity and gastric
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Chang CC et al . Parity and gastric
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Zhang XQ et al . EEA model of guine
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Table 3 Measurement of common bile
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Zhang XQ et al . EEA model of guine
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Zhao R et al . Gene expression anal
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Zhao R et al . Gene expression anal
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Qiu HB et al . HBV infection and li
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Qiu HB et al . HBV infection and li
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Shen H et al . K-ras and BRAF mutat
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Instructions to authors Indexed and
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Instructions to authors uniform leg
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Instructions to authors Language ev
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