and HBeAg(-) patients - World Journal of Gastroenterology

More documents

Recommendations

Info

arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease and IBS [5,52-54] . As Cpn upregulated only IL10 without affecting FCER1 and HRH4, mast cells stimulated with pathogenic Cpn might not have the same clinical effects as those stimulated with probiotic bacteria. In addition to FCεR1 and HRH4, the function of mast cells is regulated through a variety of other receptors, such as TLRs. In our previous study, we have shown that TLR2 is a receptor for LGG, which triggers the nuclear factor-κB signaling cascade, which leads to expression of different cytokines in human primary macrophages [55] . In addition, probiotic bacteria have been shown to suppress mast-cell degranulation by interrupting FCεR1-mediated signaling through TLR2 [56] . The paradox of the ability of probiotic LGG and Lc705 to diminish mast-cell activation, but enhance the mast-cell immune response, could be regulated through the same receptor, TLR2. PJS failed to change mast-cell gene expression significantly at either time point. Previously, PJS has been observed to induce TNFα expression after 3 h stimulation, and IL-10 expression after 3 and 24 h stimulation in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) [24] . It could be that mast cells are unresponsive to PJS unlike the PBMC population. It could also be that the quantitative spectrum of microarray is a limiting factor, especially if the expression differences between unstimulated and stimulated samples are low or if the gene is expressed in low quantities [57] . In our experiments, the differences in the gene expression levels of the microarrays were relatively low, which is in accordance with other microarray studies performed with probiotic bacteria [58] . Crosstalk between probiotic bacteria and intestinal mast cells is likely to occur mainly through gut epithelial cells [59] . Probiotic bacteria or their products could incidentally translocate to the lamina propria through intestinal M cells and make direct contact with immunological cells such as mast cells. Additionally, mast cells are suggested to have the possibility to be in direct contact with bacteria or bacterial fragments in atherosclerotic plaques [53,60] . Fragments of Firmicutes and Proteobacteria, which are probably of intestinal origin, as well as Cpn have been detected from atherosclerotic plaques [60] . The intestinal barrier is believed to leak also in healthy humans, which would allow probiotic bacteria to access spaces that contain macrophages, dendritic cells and mast cells. Even though in vivo evidence of direct contact between mast cells and probiotic bacteria in the human intestine is missing, in vitro interaction studies performed with direct contact between bacteria and host cells, such as mast cells, are required for better understanding of the molecular basis of the immunomodulative properties of probiotic bacteria. The mast cells differentiated by the peripheral-bloodderived isolation method comprise mainly the MCTC phenotype [23] , whereas the gut contains both MCTC and MCT phenotypes; the latter being the predominant mucosal mast-cell phenotype [2] . However, the MCT and MCTC phenotypes both express high-affinity IgE receptors and produce a variety of inflammatory mediators. The responses observed in this study could be further evaluated in a WJG|www.wjgnet.com Oksaharju A et al . Probiotics regulate mast cell gene expression more physiological context, e.g. in ex vivo culture models using mast cells derived from human intestinal tissues, or in in vivo animal or clinical studies. The present study is believed to be the first to describe the effects of probiotic bacteria on human mast cells. Our data suggest that especially probiotic L. rhamnosus Lc705 and L. rhamnosus GG could diminish mast-cell activation and the effects of allergy-related mediators by downregulating expression of the high-affinity IgE and HRH4 receptors, and by stimulating mast-cell immune responses. Mast cells are important mediators of allergic responses on host surfaces including the intestine, therefore, we propose that mast cells participate in regulating the beneficial immunological responses to probiotic bacteria. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Professor Heikki Vapaatalo is acknowledged for his advice and critical comments on the study and the manuscript. The authors thank Mirja Puolakkainen in the National Institute for Health and Welfare for kindly providing Cpn for this study. The authors acknowledge the excellent technical assistance of Anna-Maija Ahonen in growing bacteria, and Mari Jokinen and Maija Atuegwu for their help with culturing mast cells. COMMENTS Background Probiotic bacteria are widely used to prevent or relieve symptoms of various clinical conditions, such as intestinal disorders and allergy. However, it is not fully understood what make probiotics effective. Research frontiers Mast cells are important immunological cells that have many functions. Mast cells also participate in the pathogenesis of many inflammatory diseases, with allergy being the best-known example. In the prevention of the symptoms in allergic diseases, probiotics have been suggested to elicit low-grade inflammation. In the present study, the authors explored for the first time the role of human mast cells in contributing to the beneficial effects of probiotic bacteria. Innovations and breakthroughs In the present study, the authors found that probiotic lactobacilli strains Lactobacillus rhamnosus (L. rhamnosus) GG and L. rhamnosus Lc705, but not propionibacteria or bifidobacteria, downregulated expression of high-affinity IgE and histamine H4 receptors, and enhanced mast-cell immune activity, and thus, might diminish the impact of the allergenic response. Applications Understanding the mechanisms by which probiotic bacteria elicit their health effects is crucial when designing and using different probiotic strains for specific preventive or therapeutic purposes. Terminology Probiotic bacteria are defined as live microorganisms that have beneficial effects on human health. High-affinity IgE receptor mediates mast-cell activation and histamine production in allergy. Histamine H4 receptor is a protein on mast cells that mediates the effects of histamine. Peer review In this well-designed study, the authors explored the action of four probiotic strains and their combination on human mast-cell global gene expression. The analysis revealed changes in genes involved in immune responses and mastcell activation, which are especially involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases, such as allergy. The authors suggest that lactobacilli are able to diminish the impact of allergenic responses by downregulating expression of high-affinity IgE and histamine H4 receptors, and by enhancing mast-cell immune activity. The study addresses an interesting and important question. 757 February 14, 2011|Volume 17|Issue 6|
Oksaharju A et al . Probiotics regulate mast cell gene expression REFERENCES 1 Bischoff SC, Wedemeyer J, Herrmann A, Meier PN, Trautwein C, Cetin Y, Maschek H, Stolte M, Gebel M, Manns MP. Quantitative assessment of intestinal eosinophils and mast cells in inflammatory bowel disease. Histopathology 1996; 28: 1-13 2 Welle M. Development, significance, and heterogeneity of mast cells with particular regard to the mast cell-specific proteases chymase and tryptase. J Leukoc Biol 1997; 61: 233-245 3 Rao KN, Brown MA. Mast cells: multifaceted immune cells with diverse roles in health and disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2008; 1143: 83-104 4 Bischoff SC, Krämer S. Human mast cells, bacteria, and intestinal immunity. Immunol Rev 2007; 217: 329-337 5 Bischoff SC. Role of mast cells in allergic and non-allergic immune responses: comparison of human and murine data. Nat Rev Immunol 2007; 7: 93-104 6 Daëron M, Malbec O, Latour S, Arock M, Fridman WH. Regulation of high-affinity IgE receptor-mediated mast cell activation by murine low-affinity IgG receptors. J Clin Invest 1995; 95: 577-585 7 Turner H, Kinet JP. Signalling through the high-affinity IgE receptor Fc epsilonRI. Nature 1999; 402: B24-B30 8 Zampeli E, Tiligada E. The role of histamine H4 receptor in immune and inflammatory disorders. Br J Pharmacol 2009; 157: 24-33 9 Metz M, Grimbaldeston MA, Nakae S, Piliponsky AM, Tsai M, Galli SJ. Mast cells in the promotion and limitation of chronic inflammation. Immunol Rev 2007; 217: 304-328 10 Galli SJ, Grimbaldeston M, Tsai M. Immunomodulatory mast cells: negative, as well as positive, regulators of immunity. Nat Rev Immunol 2008; 8: 478-486 11 Guides for the Evaluation of Probiotics in Food. London, Ontario, Canada: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and World Health Organization, 2002 12 Guarino A, Lo Vecchio A, Canani RB. Probiotics as prevention and treatment for diarrhea. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2009; 25: 18-23 13 Kopp MV, Salfeld P. Probiotics and prevention of allergic disease. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2009; 12: 298-303 14 Kajander K, Hatakka K, Poussa T, Färkkilä M, Korpela R. A probiotic mixture alleviates symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome patients: a controlled 6-month intervention. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2005; 22: 387-394 15 Agrawal A, Houghton LA, Morris J, Reilly B, Guyonnet D, Goupil Feuillerat N, Schlumberger A, Jakob S, Whorwell PJ. Clinical trial: the effects of a fermented milk product containing Bifidobacterium lactis DN-173-010 on abdominal distension and gastrointestinal transit in irritable bowel syndrome with constipation. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2008; Epub ahead of print 16 Hatakka K, Savilahti E, Pönkä A, Meurman JH, Poussa T, Näse L, Saxelin M, Korpela R. Effect of long term consumption of probiotic milk on infections in children attending day care centres: double blind, randomised trial. BMJ 2001; 322: 1327 17 Turchet P, Laurenzano M, Auboiron S, Antoine JM. Effect of fermented milk containing the probiotic Lactobacillus casei DN-114001 on winter infections in free-living elderly subjects: a randomised, controlled pilot study. J Nutr Health Aging 2003; 7: 75-77 18 Timmerman HM, Koning CJ, Mulder L, Rombouts FM, Beynen AC. Monostrain, multistrain and multispecies probiotics--A comparison of functionality and efficacy. Int J Food Microbiol 2004; 96: 219-233 19 Ouwehand AC. Antiallergic effects of probiotics. J Nutr 2007; 137: 794S-797S 20 Collado MC, Meriluoto J, Salminen S. Role of commercial probiotic strains against human pathogen adhesion to intestinal mucus. Lett Appl Microbiol 2007; 45: 454-460 WJG|www.wjgnet.com 21 Kajander K, Myllyluoma E, Rajilić-Stojanović M, Kyrönpalo S, Rasmussen M, Järvenpää S, Zoetendal EG, de Vos WM, Vapaatalo H, Korpela R. Clinical trial: multispecies probiotic supplementation alleviates the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome and stabilizes intestinal microbiota. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2008; 27: 48-57 22 Oksaharju A, Lappalainen J, Tuomainen AM, Pussinen PJ, Puolakkainen M, Kovanen PT, Lindstedt KA. Pro-atherogenic lung and oral pathogens induce an inflammatory response in human and mouse mast cells. J Cell Mol Med 2009; 13: 103-113 23 Lappalainen J, Lindstedt KA, Kovanen PT. A protocol for generating high numbers of mature and functional human mast cells from peripheral blood. Clin Exp Allergy 2007; 37: 1404-1414 24 Kekkonen RA, Kajasto E, Miettinen M, Veckman V, Korpela R, Julkunen I. Probiotic Leuconostoc mesenteroides ssp. cremoris and Streptococcus thermophilus induce IL-12 and IFN-gamma production. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14: 1192-1203 25 Latvala S, Pietila TE, Veckman V, Kekkonen RA, Tynkkynen S, Korpela R, Julkunen I. Potentially probiotic bacteria induce efficient maturation but differential cytokine production in human monocyte-derived dendritic cells. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14: 5570-5583; discussion 5581-5582 26 Irizarry RA, Bolstad BM, Collin F, Cope LM, Hobbs B, Speed TP. Summaries of Affymetrix GeneChip probe level data. Nucleic Acids Res 2003; 31: e15 27 Gentleman RC, Carey VJ, Bates DM, Bolstad B, Dettling M, Dudoit S, Ellis B, Gautier L, Ge Y, Gentry J, Hornik K, Hothorn T, Huber W, Iacus S, Irizarry R, Leisch F, Li C, Maechler M, Rossini AJ, Sawitzki G, Smith C, Smyth G, Tierney L, Yang JY, Zhang J. Bioconductor: open software development for computational biology and bioinformatics. Genome Biol 2004; 5: R80 28 Wilson CL, Miller CJ. Simpleaffy: a BioConductor package for Affymetrix Quality Control and data analysis. Bioinformatics 2005; 21: 3683-3685 29 Sandberg R, Larsson O. Improved precision and accuracy for microarrays using updated probe set definitions. BMC Bioinformatics 2007; 8: 48 30 Smyth GK. Linear models and empirical bayes methods for assessing differential expression in microarray experiments. Stat Appl Genet Mol Biol 2004; 3: Article3 31 Sartor MA, Tomlinson CR, Wesselkamper SC, Sivaganesan S, Leikauf GD, Medvedovic M. Intensity-based hierarchical Bayes method improves testing for differentially expressed genes in microarray experiments. BMC Bioinformatics 2006; 7: 538 32 Storey J, Taylor J, Siegmund D. Strong control, conservative point estimation, and simultaneous conservative consistency of false discovery rates: A unified approach. J Roy Stat Soc (Series B) 2004; 66: 187-205 33 Eden E, Navon R, Steinfeld I, Lipson D, Yakhini Z. GOrilla: a tool for discovery and visualization of enriched GO terms in ranked gene lists. BMC Bioinformatics 2009; 10: 48 34 Dudoit S, Gentleman RC, Quackenbush J. Open source software for the analysis of microarray data. Biotechniques 2003; Suppl: 45-51 35 Eisen MB, Spellman PT, Brown PO, Botstein D. Cluster analysis and display of genome-wide expression patterns. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998; 95: 14863-14868 36 Livak KJ, Schmittgen TD. Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) Method. Methods 2001; 25: 402-408 37 Ashburner M, Ball CA, Blake JA, Botstein D, Butler H, Cherry JM, Davis AP, Dolinski K, Dwight SS, Eppig JT, Harris MA, Hill DP, Issel-Tarver L, Kasarskis A, Lewis S, Matese JC, Richardson JE, Ringwald M, Rubin GM, Sherlock G. Gene ontology: tool for the unification of biology. The Gene Ontology Consortium. Nat Genet 2000; 25: 25-29 38 Galli SJ, Kalesnikoff J, Grimbaldeston MA, Piliponsky AM, 758 February 14, 2011|Volume 17|Issue 6|
Page 1 and 2:
World Journal of Gastroenterology W
Page 3 and 4:
Robert JL Fraser, Daw Park Jacob Ge
Page 5 and 6:
Italy Donato F Altomare, Bari Piero
Page 7 and 8:
Fernando Azpiroz, Barcelona Ramon B
Page 9 and 10:
S Contents EDITORIAL REVIEW ORIGINA
Page 11 and 12:
Contents ACKNOWLEDGMENTS APPENDIX A
Page 13 and 14:
Jahn KA et al . Colon cancer and li
Page 19 and 20:
Page 21 and 22:
Page 23 and 24:
Săftoiu A. Imaging techniques in E
Page 25 and 26:
Page 27 and 28:
Page 29 and 30:
Ghimire P et al . Primary GI lympho
Page 31 and 32:
Page 33:
Page 37 and 38: Ghimire P et al . Primary GI lympho
Page 39: Online Submissions: http://www.wjgn
Page 42 and 43: Table 2 Comparison of hepatitis B e
Page 45 and 46: Utama A et al . HBV core promoter m
Page 47 and 48: Utama A et al . HBV core promoter m
Page 49 and 50: Motoki T et al . Glutamine depletio
Page 51 and 52: Table 2 Nutrient composition of mou
Page 53 and 54: A Motoki T et al . Glutamine deplet
Page 55 and 56: A Counts B % of sub-G0 cell populat
Page 57 and 58: Motoki T et al . Glutamine depletio
Page 59 and 60: Hu JD et al . Urinary metabolomic p
Page 61 and 62: Abundance/× 10 6 Abundance/× 10 6
Page 63 and 64: A Regression factor scores 2 for an
Page 65 and 66: Hu JD et al . Urinary metabolomic p
Page 67: Fu JF et al . NAFLD and metabolic s
Page 70 and 71: developing hypertension (OR: 2.18,
Page 72 and 73: obese and exhibited higher insulin
Page 74 and 75: Online Submissions: http://www.wjgn
Page 77 and 78: Roberts SE et al . Perinatal factor
Page 79 and 80: Roberts SE et al . Perinatal factor
Page 83 and 84: Oksaharju A et al . Probiotics regu
Page 85 and 86: Oksaharju A et al . Probiotics regu
Page 87: Oksaharju A et al . Probiotics regu
Page 91: Online Submissions: http://www.wjgn
Page 96 and 97: Factors associated with improved su
Page 101 and 102: Koehler-Santos P et al . Identifica
Page 103 and 104: Koehler-Santos P et al . Identifica
Page 109: Goenka MK et al . Capsule endoscopy
Page 113 and 114: Tatsuki M et al . Hypermagnesemia a
Page 117 and 118: Chang CC et al . Parity and gastric
Page 119 and 120: Chang CC et al . Parity and gastric
Page 121 and 122: Zhang XQ et al . EEA model of guine
Page 123 and 124: Table 3 Measurement of common bile
Page 125 and 126: Zhang XQ et al . EEA model of guine
Page 129: Zhao R et al . Gene expression anal
Page 133 and 134: Zhao R et al . Gene expression anal
Page 137 and 138: Qiu HB et al . HBV infection and li
Page 139 and 140:
Qiu HB et al . HBV infection and li
Page 141:
Shen H et al . K-ras and BRAF mutat
Page 145 and 146:
Page 147 and 148:
Page 149 and 150:
Online Submissions: http://www.wjgn
Page 151 and 152:
Instructions to authors Indexed and
Page 153 and 154:
Instructions to authors uniform leg
Page 155:
Instructions to authors Language ev
show all

and HBeAg(-) patients - World Journal of Gastroenterology

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?