Fuel cells and electrolysers in future energy systems - VBN

More documents

Recommendations

Info

wind speeds rose to above 20 m/s; a speed which caused the shutdown of land‐based wind turbines. Wind speeds even rose to approx. 30 m/s, shutting down the 160 MW offshore wind turbines at Horn Reef, operat‐ ing with a cut‐out speed of 25 m/s. This resulted in an unexpected power deficit of 1,800 MW, when wind speed reached its maximum [16]. In the case of Denmark, many local CHP plants have begun operating on the spot market using the flexible combination of CHP production, boilers and heat storages. As a step further along this path, local CHP plants also have the possibility of participating in the manual regulating power market, thus improving their eco‐ nomic performance, while reducing the demand for regulating power from central PP [16]. Still, only central PP supply primary and automatic reserves. Keeping in mind the fact that the share of intermittent renewable resources will increase in the coming years, the demand for regulating power and reserves will also increase. Other providers are needed, unless the system is to continue to rely on the existence of large central plants predominantly run on fossil fuels. This technically rather complex Danish energy system represents challenges to the TSOs, which traditionally control voltage and frequency to secure grid stability by utilising central PP fitted with synchronous genera‐ tors. As the electricity demand is increasingly supplied from distributed energy plants, other units are needed to supply these ancillary services. Previous studies have analysed how wind power, CHP and heat pumps can supply ancillary services, also in systems with a significantly more distributed energy supply [14;17‐19]. The Danish TSO controls a full‐size system currently experiencing a change and facing a challenge, which is else‐ where only seen in computer simulations. The TSO has initiated research on how to handle a system with even more distributed generation. One of the research areas is a power system that breaks up into cells with sufficient components to operate in island mode. This system can disconnect from the main system in situa‐ tions with system faults and function autonomously by using local generation at CHP plants and wind turbines [14]. The TSO may also pursue better trade models for the utilisation of the interconnection to Norway and Sweden, thus using the highly flexible and potential rapidly changing hydro power of these countries, as well as involving the local CHP plants already installed in the regulation task [16]. Improved wind forecasting is another option; and the establishment of a Great Belt Link to connect the two electricity areas in Denmark will also give the TSO more balancing options [16]. However, as Østergaard (2008) [20] shows, there are limits to the flexibility which the interconnection of two TSO areas with substantial wind power can provide. Yet a possibility is virtual power plants, in which smaller units are pooled with the aim of gaining a feasible market access. 1 Scope of the article New technologies can increase the fuel efficiency and feasibility of energy systems with very large shares of distributed renewable energy and CHP, such as load‐following solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) in CHP plants; elec‐ tric vehicles, electrolysers and heat pumps. These technologies may also assume the role of providing re‐ serves and ancillary services in the future. In this paper, the requirements for ancillary service providers in the present Danish energy system are re‐ viewed. These requirements are compared to SOFC and other fuel cell types in order to investigate whether or not these fuel cells would be able to meet the requirements and thus play a role as ancillary service pro‐ viders in the future. In order to determine the effects of SOFC on energy system performance, the fuel cells are analysed in three different energy systems replacing gas and steam turbines; a 2030 business as usual system as well as a 50 per cent and a 100 per cent renewable energy system. The analyses are conducted under four ancillary ser‐ vice supply scenarios and results are assessed in terms of fuel efficiency and the ability of the system to inte‐ grate intermittent renewable energy. 32
2 Ancillary service requirements Ancillary service providers are the technologies that assist in maintaining grid stability. More specifically, this involves technologies assisting in maintaining frequency stability and voltage stability as well as ensuring that sufficient short‐circuit power is available. Frequency and voltage control is accomplished through the control of active and reactive power production and the consumption of the units. Thus, frequency control is also linked to the dispatchability of the technologies in terms of the production (or consumption) of active power. In order for an electricity system to be stable, however, it does not suffice to focus on active power and whether or not the technology is dispatchable; the full range of ancillary services need to be supplied. Different guidelines for reserves and different definitions of the various parts of the ancillary supply apply to different grid areas. In the European TSO cooperation, the UCTE, of which the western part of Denmark forms part, recommendations correspond to approx. 100 MW for both of the two Danish areas. This recommenda‐ tion (R) is based on the minimum secondary control reserves, which can be estimated as: 2 R = 10MW * max load + 150MW −150MW [21] As mentioned, different technical requirements apply to different markets. Here, we look at some of the cur‐ rent generic requirements for areas where the Danish TSO is responsible for the control and operation of the system. The requirements described here are an excerpt based on data from the Danish TSO, Energinet.dk. In Table 1, the requirements regarding start‐up and load gradients for participation on the Danish markets for physical power trading are listed, based on the technical regulation for grid connection of units [22] as well as the tenders for regulating power capacity of May and June 2008. Type of service Capacity Required start‐up time Min. gradient required Activation Primary reserves +30/‐30 MW +14/0 MW Immediately, min. linear to 100% in: 30 s. 150 sec. 100%/30 s. 100%/150 s. Automatically by frequency devia‐ tion Automatic reserves +140 /‐140 MW +16/‐16 MW Activated within: 33 Manual regulating power Constantly at disposal +320/‐16 +300 / 0 MW Max. in 2007: +510/‐330 MW +142/‐170 MW Elbas market Spot market Dependent upon trading Dependent upon trading 0‐15 min.
Page 1:
Fuel cells and electrolysers in fut
Page 5 and 6:
Tilegnet mine forældre Karl Kristi
Page 7 and 8:
Abstract Efficient fuel cells and e
Page 9 and 10:
Dansk resumé Effektive brændselsc
Page 11 and 12:
Contents ABSTRACT .................
Page 13:
Appendices I. B. V. Mathiesen and M
Page 16 and 17:
In this dissertation, fuel cells an
Page 18 and 19:
Nomenclature Power generation and r
Page 20 and 21:
Fuel cells and electrolysers have t
Page 22 and 23:
In December 2006, a plan for how an
Page 24 and 25:
a) Fuel 107 units b) Fuel 87 units
Page 26 and 27:
In the current energy system, elect
Page 29 and 30:
2 The energy system analysis method
Page 31 and 32:
taxes. Output consists of annual en
Page 33 and 34:
3 Reference systems and the design
Page 35 and 36:
the IDA 2030 system, and, in an upd
Page 37:
gies to improve the integration of
Page 40 and 41:
Fuel cells AFC PEMFC PAFC MCFC SOFC
Page 42 and 43:
PEMFCs are characterised by a rathe
Page 44 and 45:
tion time in portable devices [25].
Page 46 and 47:
Except when pure hydrogen is used,
Page 48 and 49:
they supply. In transport applicati
Page 50 and 51:
Thus, when in operation, all types
Page 52 and 53:
CHP, and under four ancillary servi
Page 54 and 55:
Grid‐stabilising plants 30 per ce
Page 56 and 57:
In the IDA 2030 energy system, a sh
Page 58 and 59:
PES excl. wind power (TWh) PES excl
Page 61 and 62:
6 Applications of solid oxide fuel
Page 63 and 64:
tion of power plants and improve th
Page 65 and 66:
hydrogen Central and Local FC‐CHP
Page 67 and 68:
The combinations of seven different
Page 69 and 70:
when fuel prices are high, especial
Page 71 and 72:
6.4 Socio‐economic consequences I
Page 73 and 74:
7 Individual household heating syst
Page 75 and 76:
kW/kW‐average 3 2 1 0 Heat Demand
Page 77 and 78:
Fig. 19, Annual fuel consumption of
Page 79 and 80:
Fuel (TWh/year) 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0
Page 81 and 82:
M. EUR/year 800 700 600 500 400 300
Page 83 and 84:
Fuel (TWh/year) 18 16 14 12 10 8 6
Page 85 and 86:
d) Compared with other fossil fuel
Page 87 and 88:
systems are installed, such low tax
Page 89:
given heat production. A system is
Page 92 and 93:
energy systems in the coming years,
Page 94 and 95:
The second of the two types of ener
Page 96 and 97:
Wind power Fuel Power plant CHP Boi
Page 98 and 99:
has been used for identifying the n
Page 100 and 101:
In Fig. 37, the effects of using th
Page 102 and 103:
In the energy system analyses, HP p
Page 104 and 105:
M€/TWh fuel saved 120 100 80 60 4
Page 106 and 107: For all alternatives, doubling the
Page 109 and 110: 9 Life cycle screening of solid oxi
Page 111 and 112: chromium alloy used in the intercon
Page 113: In terms of primary energy consumpt
Page 116 and 117: ures on the path towards future 100
Page 118 and 119: plemented first. The socio‐econom
Page 120 and 121: socio‐economic calculations)," Da
Page 122 and 123: [40] M. C. Tucker, G. Y. Lau, C. P.
Page 124 and 125: [69] H. Lund, "Excess electricity d
Page 127: Appendix I 3
Page 130 and 131: 2 Fuel cell types In most countries
Page 132 and 133: transport or smaller devices. DMFCs
Page 134 and 135: combined with the water management
Page 136 and 137: While interconnectors diffuse the g
Page 138 and 139: the systems are less sensitive to p
Page 140 and 141: Annex I. AFC Technology (2008‐pri
Page 142 and 143: Annex III. LT‐PEMFC Technology (2
Page 144 and 145: Annex V. MCFC Technology MCFC‐sys
Page 146 and 147: References [1] B. V. Mathiesen and
Page 148 and 149: [32] J. R. Selman, "Molten‐salt f
Page 150 and 151: [64] L. Blum, H. P. Buchkremer, S.
Page 153 and 154: Abstract Solid oxide fuel cells and
Page 155: West Denmark Norway Germany 31 Swed
Page 159 and 160: have been identified. For SOFCs, me
Page 161 and 162: As a reference for the analyses, a
Page 163 and 164: • Wind turbines and locally dispa
Page 165 and 166: In the first ancillary service scen
Page 167 and 168: 10 Acknowledgements This paper is p
Page 169: [34] M. C. Tucker, G. Y. Lau, C. P.
Page 173 and 174: Research Signpost 37/661 (2), Fort
Page 175 and 176: Energy system analysis of fuel cell
Page 189: Energy system analysis of fuel cell
Page 193 and 194: Solid oxide fuel cells in renewable
Page 195 and 196: now, the changes in the Danish ener
Page 197 and 198: In the next step, a market exchange
Page 199 and 200: Extensive investments have to be ma
Page 201 and 202: 2.4 Costs of fuels, fuel handling,
Page 203 and 204: Input: BAU 2030 Electricity system
Page 205 and 206: potential for producing heat in FC
Page 207 and 208:
cies do not increase due to larger
Page 209 and 210:
In dry years, FC‐CHPs generate pr
Page 211 and 212:
4 Conclusion SOFC can improve the f
Page 213:
[23] Danish Energy Authority, "Frem
Page 217 and 218:
Comparative energy system analysis
Page 219 and 220:
2 Methodology In the methodology, t
Page 221 and 222:
to fuel at households of 72 per cen
Page 223 and 224:
listed in table 5 are from the Dani
Page 225 and 226:
Fig. 4, Annual fuel consumption of
Page 227 and 228:
enables a heat supply for at least
Page 229 and 230:
The COP of both HP systems have to
Page 231 and 232:
operated simultaneously; that the C
Page 233 and 234:
The HP systems analysed for 300,000
Page 235 and 236:
M. EUR/year 1,300 1,100 900 700 500
Page 237:
[11] B. V. Mathiesen and H. Lund, "
Page 241 and 242:
Comparative analyses of seven techn
Page 243 and 244:
energy system analysed. Outputs are
Page 245 and 246:
illustrates the excess electricity
Page 247 and 248:
Input: DEA 2030 (market) 123 Refere
Page 249 and 250:
Wind power Fuel Power plant CHP Boi
Page 251 and 252:
of driving at full capacity. The di
Page 253 and 254:
Open energy system, 25 TWh annual w
Page 255 and 256:
Marginal PES excl. wind (TWh) 0,0 -
Page 257 and 258:
educes excess production and fuel s
Page 259 and 260:
M€/TWh fuel saved 120 100 80 60 4
Page 261 and 262:
[8] M. Little, M. Thomson, and D. I
Page 263:
[37] Danish Energy Authority, Elkra
Page 267 and 268:
Long term perspective for balancing
Page 269 and 270:
Contents 1 Technology Description .
Page 271 and 272:
7.2.1 Fuel cell types In Table 7-2
Page 273 and 274:
In the SOFCs the electrolyte allows
Page 275 and 276:
In the same energy system SOFC CHP
Page 277 and 278:
400$/kW before 2015 also for SOFC s
Page 279 and 280:
unning temperature is lowered to 55
Page 281:
[12] B. V. Mathiesen and H. Lund, "
Page 285 and 286:
Abstract Integrated transport and r
Page 287 and 288:
phase. The detailed energy system a
Page 289 and 290:
The increase in the international a
Page 291 and 292:
2030, this results in 28.56 PJ net
Page 293 and 294:
ate to 6 per cent. The result is th
Page 295:
Appendix IX 171
Page 298 and 299:
2 The design of 100% renewable ener
Page 300 and 301:
4 documentation of the model can be
Page 302 and 303:
6 1.000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300
Page 304 and 305:
8 combined in order to reach the ta
Page 307 and 308:
Uncertainties related to the identi
Page 309 and 310:
tion of one marginal technology is
Page 311 and 312:
policies for changes and a projecti
Page 313 and 314:
The policy from 1996 [24] built on
Page 315 and 316:
tial LCA studies should include sev
Page 317 and 318:
6 Case study of the affected electr
Page 319 and 320:
adding waste to the BAU energy syst
Page 321 and 322:
fected; thus, reinvestments are aff
Page 323 and 324:
Appendix A LCA‐Study Miljømæssi
Page 325:
LCA‐Study LCA of Danish fish prod
Page 328 and 329:
[16] G. Finnveden, J. Johansson, P.
Page 330:
[46] N. Mattsson, T. Unger, and T.
show all

Fuel cells and electrolysers in future energy systems - VBN

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?