Fuel cells and electrolysers in future energy systems - VBN

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In this dissertation, fuel cells and electrolysers in future energy systems are analysed, con‐ sidering the perspective that they can have different effects in different energy system con‐ texts. This dissertation is part of the research project “Efficient Conversion of Renewable Energy using Solid Oxide Cells”, which in total includes eight subprojects and is conducted in col‐ laboration between The Fuel Cells and Solid State Chemistry Department at Risø‐DTU, the Department of Physics and Astronomy at Aarhus University, the Department of Chemistry at the Technical University of Denmark, Ørsted Laboratory at the University of Copenhagen, the Department of Chemistry at the University of Southern Denmark, and the Department of Building Technology & Structural Engineering and the Department of Development and Planning, both at Aalborg University. The research project is financed by the Danish Minis‐ try of Science, Technology and Innovation. In the chapters of this dissertation, I summarise and conclude on the research conducted in the PhD project, including the analyses of the potential applications of fuel cells and elec‐ trolysers in future energy systems. More details and assumptions as well as more results are available in the appendices. During these last three years, I have been fortunate to meet a lot of very inspiring and sup‐ portive people. I know that I cannot remember them all (and do not have room to mention everybody anyway). I would, however, like to thank Henrik Lund and Frede Hvelplund for inspiring and fruitful conversations as well as my other colleagues from the Sustainable Energy Planning Research Group, from the LCA Team, and others at the Department of De‐ velopment and Planning at Aalborg University. Special thanks are due to Georges Salgi and Decharut Sukkumnoed, with whom I have shared office, for very good company; and to Mette Reiche Sørensen for providing excellent proofreading and helpful comments to improve the understanding of the text. Special thanks are also extended to Jens Adler Christensen and Astrid Viskum for helping me out in the final stages of the project. I would also like to thank my colleague Marie Münster and the employees at the Systems Analysis Department at Risø‐DTU for giving me new inspiration and putting up with me for a few months in the fall of 2006, as well as Søren Linderoth from the Fuel Cells and Solid State Chemistry Department at Risø‐DTU and Thilde Fruergaard from the Department of Environmental Engineering at the Technical University of Denmark for a fruitful collabora‐ tion. I would also like to thank Mads Pagh Nielsen from the Institute of Energy Technology at Aalborg University; Henrik Wenzel from the Institute of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnol‐ ogy and Environmental Technology at the University of Southern Denmark for inspiring 14
conversions on life cycle assessment methodology, as well as others involved in the CEESA project. To the people involved in the Danish Engineering Association’s Energy Year I am especially grateful; thank you for inviting me and Henrik Lund to conduct the technical and economic analyses for the IDA Energy Plan 2030. I would like to thank everybody who participated and gave inputs at meetings and seminars, as well as Bjarke Fonnesbech, Kasper Dam Mik‐ kelsen, Michael Søgaard Jørgensen, and the members of the steering group, Søren Skib‐ strup Eriksen, Hans Jørgen Brodersen, Per Nørgaard, Kurt Emil Eriksen, Charles Nielsen, John Schiøler Andersen, Mogens Weel Hansen, and Thomas W. Sødring. Thanks to my friends and family for believing in me and for supporting me through the rough patches that turn up on the road once and a while. The dissertation was completed on September 15 th , 2008 and was successfully defended on December 11 th , 2008 at Aalborg University. The Evaluation Committee was composed of Associate Professor Bernd Möller, Aalborg University (Chairman), Senior Scientist Kenneth Karlsson, Risø National Laboratory, DTU, and Professor Dr.Sc. Neven Duić, University of Zagreb. I hope you enjoy reading my report. 15
Page 1: Fuel cells and electrolysers in fut
Page 5 and 6: Tilegnet mine forældre Karl Kristi
Page 7 and 8: Abstract Efficient fuel cells and e
Page 9 and 10: Dansk resumé Effektive brændselsc
Page 11 and 12: Contents ABSTRACT .................
Page 13: Appendices I. B. V. Mathiesen and M
Page 18 and 19: Nomenclature Power generation and r
Page 20 and 21: Fuel cells and electrolysers have t
Page 22 and 23: In December 2006, a plan for how an
Page 24 and 25: a) Fuel 107 units b) Fuel 87 units
Page 26 and 27: In the current energy system, elect
Page 29 and 30: 2 The energy system analysis method
Page 31 and 32: taxes. Output consists of annual en
Page 33 and 34: 3 Reference systems and the design
Page 35 and 36: the IDA 2030 system, and, in an upd
Page 37: gies to improve the integration of
Page 40 and 41: Fuel cells AFC PEMFC PAFC MCFC SOFC
Page 42 and 43: PEMFCs are characterised by a rathe
Page 44 and 45: tion time in portable devices [25].
Page 46 and 47: Except when pure hydrogen is used,
Page 48 and 49: they supply. In transport applicati
Page 50 and 51: Thus, when in operation, all types
Page 52 and 53: CHP, and under four ancillary servi
Page 54 and 55: Grid‐stabilising plants 30 per ce
Page 56 and 57: In the IDA 2030 energy system, a sh
Page 58 and 59: PES excl. wind power (TWh) PES excl
Page 61 and 62: 6 Applications of solid oxide fuel
Page 63 and 64: tion of power plants and improve th
Page 65 and 66: hydrogen Central and Local FC‐CHP
Page 67 and 68:
The combinations of seven different
Page 69 and 70:
when fuel prices are high, especial
Page 71 and 72:
6.4 Socio‐economic consequences I
Page 73 and 74:
7 Individual household heating syst
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kW/kW‐average 3 2 1 0 Heat Demand
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Fig. 19, Annual fuel consumption of
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Fuel (TWh/year) 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0
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M. EUR/year 800 700 600 500 400 300
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Fuel (TWh/year) 18 16 14 12 10 8 6
Page 85 and 86:
d) Compared with other fossil fuel
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systems are installed, such low tax
Page 89:
given heat production. A system is
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energy systems in the coming years,
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The second of the two types of ener
Page 96 and 97:
Wind power Fuel Power plant CHP Boi
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has been used for identifying the n
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In Fig. 37, the effects of using th
Page 102 and 103:
In the energy system analyses, HP p
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M€/TWh fuel saved 120 100 80 60 4
Page 106 and 107:
For all alternatives, doubling the
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9 Life cycle screening of solid oxi
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chromium alloy used in the intercon
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In terms of primary energy consumpt
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ures on the path towards future 100
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plemented first. The socio‐econom
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socio‐economic calculations)," Da
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[40] M. C. Tucker, G. Y. Lau, C. P.
Page 124 and 125:
[69] H. Lund, "Excess electricity d
Page 127:
Appendix I 3
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2 Fuel cell types In most countries
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transport or smaller devices. DMFCs
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combined with the water management
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While interconnectors diffuse the g
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the systems are less sensitive to p
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Annex I. AFC Technology (2008‐pri
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Annex III. LT‐PEMFC Technology (2
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Annex V. MCFC Technology MCFC‐sys
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References [1] B. V. Mathiesen and
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[32] J. R. Selman, "Molten‐salt f
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[64] L. Blum, H. P. Buchkremer, S.
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Abstract Solid oxide fuel cells and
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West Denmark Norway Germany 31 Swed
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2 Ancillary service requirements An
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have been identified. For SOFCs, me
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As a reference for the analyses, a
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• Wind turbines and locally dispa
Page 165 and 166:
In the first ancillary service scen
Page 167 and 168:
10 Acknowledgements This paper is p
Page 169:
[34] M. C. Tucker, G. Y. Lau, C. P.
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Research Signpost 37/661 (2), Fort
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Energy system analysis of fuel cell
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Page 179 and 180:
Page 181 and 182:
Page 183 and 184:
Page 185 and 186:
Page 187 and 188:
Page 189:
Page 193 and 194:
Solid oxide fuel cells in renewable
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now, the changes in the Danish ener
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In the next step, a market exchange
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Extensive investments have to be ma
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2.4 Costs of fuels, fuel handling,
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Input: BAU 2030 Electricity system
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potential for producing heat in FC
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cies do not increase due to larger
Page 209 and 210:
In dry years, FC‐CHPs generate pr
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4 Conclusion SOFC can improve the f
Page 213:
[23] Danish Energy Authority, "Frem
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Comparative energy system analysis
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2 Methodology In the methodology, t
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to fuel at households of 72 per cen
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listed in table 5 are from the Dani
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Fig. 4, Annual fuel consumption of
Page 227 and 228:
enables a heat supply for at least
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The COP of both HP systems have to
Page 231 and 232:
operated simultaneously; that the C
Page 233 and 234:
The HP systems analysed for 300,000
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M. EUR/year 1,300 1,100 900 700 500
Page 237:
[11] B. V. Mathiesen and H. Lund, "
Page 241 and 242:
Comparative analyses of seven techn
Page 243 and 244:
energy system analysed. Outputs are
Page 245 and 246:
illustrates the excess electricity
Page 247 and 248:
Input: DEA 2030 (market) 123 Refere
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Wind power Fuel Power plant CHP Boi
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of driving at full capacity. The di
Page 253 and 254:
Open energy system, 25 TWh annual w
Page 255 and 256:
Marginal PES excl. wind (TWh) 0,0 -
Page 257 and 258:
educes excess production and fuel s
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M€/TWh fuel saved 120 100 80 60 4
Page 261 and 262:
[8] M. Little, M. Thomson, and D. I
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[37] Danish Energy Authority, Elkra
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Long term perspective for balancing
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Contents 1 Technology Description .
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7.2.1 Fuel cell types In Table 7-2
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In the SOFCs the electrolyte allows
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In the same energy system SOFC CHP
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400$/kW before 2015 also for SOFC s
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unning temperature is lowered to 55
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[12] B. V. Mathiesen and H. Lund, "
Page 285 and 286:
Abstract Integrated transport and r
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phase. The detailed energy system a
Page 289 and 290:
The increase in the international a
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2030, this results in 28.56 PJ net
Page 293 and 294:
ate to 6 per cent. The result is th
Page 295:
Appendix IX 171
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2 The design of 100% renewable ener
Page 300 and 301:
4 documentation of the model can be
Page 302 and 303:
6 1.000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300
Page 304 and 305:
8 combined in order to reach the ta
Page 307 and 308:
Uncertainties related to the identi
Page 309 and 310:
tion of one marginal technology is
Page 311 and 312:
policies for changes and a projecti
Page 313 and 314:
The policy from 1996 [24] built on
Page 315 and 316:
tial LCA studies should include sev
Page 317 and 318:
6 Case study of the affected electr
Page 319 and 320:
adding waste to the BAU energy syst
Page 321 and 322:
fected; thus, reinvestments are aff
Page 323 and 324:
Appendix A LCA‐Study Miljømæssi
Page 325:
LCA‐Study LCA of Danish fish prod
Page 328 and 329:
[16] G. Finnveden, J. Johansson, P.
Page 330:
[46] N. Mattsson, T. Unger, and T.
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