Fuel cells and electrolysers in future energy systems - VBN

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LCA‐Study Madaffald fra storkøkkener (Food waste from large‐ scale catering establishments) . Kromann et al. (2004) [36] Life cycle assess‐ ment of energy from solid waste ‐ part 1: general methodology and results. Finnveden et al. (2005) [16] Miljømæssige forhold ved genan‐ vendelse af papir og pap. Opdatering af vidensgrundlaget (Environmental impacts related to recycling of paper and cardboard. An update of the knowledge‐base) Frees et al. (2005) [32] 1. Marginal technology in LCA Substitution of electricity from incineration: coal‐ based technologies (mix between PP and CHP). Substitution of heat from incineration: 30% coal‐ based (CHP), 70% Ngas (CHP). Substitution of heat from anaerobic digestion: 100% Ngas (CHP). The marginal technology for electricity production is coal (technology not men‐ tioned). For heat it is Ngas or forest residues (tech‐ nologies not mentioned). Marginal technologies for electricity and heat are based on Ngas (CHP). 2. Marginal technology in sensitivity analy‐ ses No sensitivity analysis has been performed of the marginal energy technology. No sensitivity analysis per‐ formed of the marginal electric‐ ity technology. For heat one scenario uses Ngas, another scenario uses forest residues. No sensitivity analysis is per‐ formed of the marginal technol‐ ogy but different scenarios are discussed and evaluated. 3. The arguments for identifica‐ tion The marginal energy technology is the least efficient and most polluting – the non‐prioritized. Different references, trends and assumptions are discussed to identify the marginal technolgy. Refer e.g. to Weidema et al. (1999) [1] who assume that hard coal is the marginal tech‐ nology for European (base‐load) electricity (long‐term). For heat it is discussed whether forest residues (the largest share today in district heating) or Ngas (the share may increase in the future) should be identified as the marginal technology. The marginal technology is the most sensitive towards changes. Assumed to be Ngas based on the submitted paper Mattson et al. (2003) [46] and Weidema et al. (1999) [1]. Periodically, the possibility exists that wind energy is part of the electricity production. 4. Time horizon (short‐term or long‐ term) Long‐term (10‐15 years). Long‐term (dec‐ ades). Long‐term (10‐20 years). 5. Characteris‐ tics of the change in energy demand Not mentioned. The electricity demand is decreasing (if the aim is a sustainable life). The demand for district heating is increasing. Not mentioned. 6. Importance of energy to conclusions No sensitivity analysis has been performed of marginal energy technology, as it was not considered to be an uncertain parame‐ ter. The results are sensi‐ tive to the type of fuel chosen for heat substitution, i.e. whether renewable or non‐renewable fuels are substituted. All environmental impacts come from the energy system. No sensitivity analysis (calculations) is performed of the marginal energy technology, but different scenarios are discussed and evaluated. 7. Identification of the mar‐ ginal energy technology: Consistency with 5‐step pro‐ cedure? 1) and type of mar‐ ginal technology identified Do not identify the trend in energy demand. The main argument for identifying the marginal technology is the aim of substituting the most pollut‐ ing technology. Simple marginal technology. Follow the procedure more or less. Refer to different publica‐ tions where the marginal technology has been identified. Dynamic marginal technology. Do not identify the trend in energy demand. Refer to different publications for identification of the marginal technology. Dynamic marginal technology.
LCA‐Study LCA of Danish fish products. New methods and insights. Thrane (2006) [34] 2nd generation bioethanol for transport: the IBUS concept. Jensen & Thyø (2007) [37] Life cycle assess‐ ment of fuels for district heating: A comparison of waste incineration, biomass‐ and Ngas combustion. Eriksson et al. (2007) [39] Life cycle assess‐ ment of the waste hierarchy – A Danish case study on waste paper. 1. Marginal technology in LCA The marginal electricity technology is PP based on coal or Ngas (does not mention which one is used). Coal (CHP) is used as mar‐ ginal electricity technology. Central CHP plants (mix of fuels) are used as marginal technology for district heating. Complex marginal electric‐ ity production on the Nordic electricity market. Found by modelling the energy system in the model NELSON (dynamic optimi‐ zation model). A mix of different technologies and fuels are identified (e.g. coal, Ngas, wind, oil, nu‐ clear power and biomass). Marginal electricity tech‐ nology is from the Danish grid. Ngas (CHP) is used as technology. This also applies to heat, although not explicitly stated. 2. Marginal technology in sensitivity analy‐ ses No sensitivity analysis per‐ formed. No sensitivity analysis has been performed of the marginal energy technology. The assessment included two scenarios – one with a low fossil fuel content in the energy mix, and one with a high content. Coal CHP is used as marginal energy technol‐ ogy in the sensi‐ tivity analysis. 3. The arguments for identifica‐ tion In consequential LCAs, a mar‐ ket‐based approach is used. Disregards all processes re‐ stricted by quotas or other factors (e.g. wind, as it is re‐ stricted by wind speed – not market demand). Refer to Behnke (2006) [12] for identification of the marginal technology for electricity pro‐ duction. Central CHP plants are identified as marginal technolo‐ gies for heat production, but the fuel type has not been consid‐ ered. Coal condensing is the short‐ term marginal technology. Long‐ term marginal technologies could be nuclear power (closing down) or Ngas (building of new CHP plants). Find that the most realistic marginal technology is the complex one. Refer to Weidema (2003) [13] for identification of the marginal energy technology. 4. Time horizon (short‐term or long‐ term) Long‐term (time horizon not de‐ fined). Long‐term perspec‐ tive (towards 2025). Long‐term (the energy system analysis refers to a period of 50 years). Not mentioned explicitly. Schmidt et al. (2007) [33] 1) 5‐step procedure for identifying a marginal technology from Weidema et al. (1999) [1] and Ekval and Weidema (2004) [11]: a) Time horizon, b) Process or market, c) Trend in market volume, d) Flexible technologies (unconstrained), e) Technologies actually affected 5. Characteris‐ tics of the change in energy demand Not mentioned. Not mentioned. Only implicitly included. Not mentioned. 6. Importance of energy to conclusions Consumption of diesel oil very impor‐ tant, especially at the fishing stage. Electric‐ ity consumption is only of minor impor‐ tance. Energy is important since the whole assessment is energy‐ related. No sensitivity analysis performed of the marginal energy technology. The energy mix is important to the ranking of solutions. It is stated in the sensitivity analysis that the results of the assessment appear to be sensitive to the choice of marginal technology. 7. Identification of the mar‐ ginal energy technology: Consistency with 5‐step pro‐ cedure? 1) and type of mar‐ ginal technology identified Do not follow the 5‐step pro‐ cedure but refer to the market‐ based approach in Weidema (2003) [13]. Dynamic marginal technology. Do not follow the 5‐step pro‐ cedure but refer to Behnke (2006) [12] for identification of the marginal electricity tech‐ nology. Identification of the marginal heat technology is not discussed. Dynamic marginal technology. Do not follow the 5‐step pro‐ cedure since this procedure is a simplified approach to the identification of the marginal technology. Identifies a “com‐ plex” marginal consisting of both short‐term and long‐term technologies by the use of a dynamic optimisation model. Complex marginal technology. Do not follow the 5‐step pro‐ cedure but refer to Weidema (2003) [13] for identification of the marginal technology. Dynamic marginal technology.
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Fuel cells and electrolysers in fut
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Tilegnet mine forældre Karl Kristi
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Abstract Efficient fuel cells and e
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Dansk resumé Effektive brændselsc
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Contents ABSTRACT .................
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Appendices I. B. V. Mathiesen and M
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In this dissertation, fuel cells an
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Nomenclature Power generation and r
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Fuel cells and electrolysers have t
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In December 2006, a plan for how an
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a) Fuel 107 units b) Fuel 87 units
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In the current energy system, elect
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2 The energy system analysis method
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taxes. Output consists of annual en
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3 Reference systems and the design
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the IDA 2030 system, and, in an upd
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gies to improve the integration of
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Fuel cells AFC PEMFC PAFC MCFC SOFC
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PEMFCs are characterised by a rathe
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tion time in portable devices [25].
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Except when pure hydrogen is used,
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they supply. In transport applicati
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Thus, when in operation, all types
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CHP, and under four ancillary servi
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Grid‐stabilising plants 30 per ce
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In the IDA 2030 energy system, a sh
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PES excl. wind power (TWh) PES excl
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6 Applications of solid oxide fuel
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tion of power plants and improve th
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hydrogen Central and Local FC‐CHP
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The combinations of seven different
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when fuel prices are high, especial
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6.4 Socio‐economic consequences I
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7 Individual household heating syst
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kW/kW‐average 3 2 1 0 Heat Demand
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Fig. 19, Annual fuel consumption of
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Fuel (TWh/year) 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0
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M. EUR/year 800 700 600 500 400 300
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Fuel (TWh/year) 18 16 14 12 10 8 6
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d) Compared with other fossil fuel
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systems are installed, such low tax
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given heat production. A system is
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energy systems in the coming years,
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The second of the two types of ener
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Wind power Fuel Power plant CHP Boi
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has been used for identifying the n
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In Fig. 37, the effects of using th
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In the energy system analyses, HP p
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M€/TWh fuel saved 120 100 80 60 4
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For all alternatives, doubling the
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9 Life cycle screening of solid oxi
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chromium alloy used in the intercon
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In terms of primary energy consumpt
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ures on the path towards future 100
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plemented first. The socio‐econom
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socio‐economic calculations)," Da
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[40] M. C. Tucker, G. Y. Lau, C. P.
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[69] H. Lund, "Excess electricity d
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Appendix I 3
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2 Fuel cell types In most countries
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transport or smaller devices. DMFCs
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combined with the water management
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While interconnectors diffuse the g
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the systems are less sensitive to p
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Annex I. AFC Technology (2008‐pri
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Annex III. LT‐PEMFC Technology (2
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Annex V. MCFC Technology MCFC‐sys
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References [1] B. V. Mathiesen and
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[32] J. R. Selman, "Molten‐salt f
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[64] L. Blum, H. P. Buchkremer, S.
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Abstract Solid oxide fuel cells and
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West Denmark Norway Germany 31 Swed
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2 Ancillary service requirements An
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have been identified. For SOFCs, me
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As a reference for the analyses, a
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• Wind turbines and locally dispa
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In the first ancillary service scen
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10 Acknowledgements This paper is p
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[34] M. C. Tucker, G. Y. Lau, C. P.
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Research Signpost 37/661 (2), Fort
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Energy system analysis of fuel cell
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Solid oxide fuel cells in renewable
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now, the changes in the Danish ener
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In the next step, a market exchange
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Extensive investments have to be ma
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2.4 Costs of fuels, fuel handling,
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Input: BAU 2030 Electricity system
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potential for producing heat in FC
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cies do not increase due to larger
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In dry years, FC‐CHPs generate pr
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4 Conclusion SOFC can improve the f
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[23] Danish Energy Authority, "Frem
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Comparative energy system analysis
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2 Methodology In the methodology, t
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to fuel at households of 72 per cen
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listed in table 5 are from the Dani
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Fig. 4, Annual fuel consumption of
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enables a heat supply for at least
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The COP of both HP systems have to
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operated simultaneously; that the C
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The HP systems analysed for 300,000
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M. EUR/year 1,300 1,100 900 700 500
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[11] B. V. Mathiesen and H. Lund, "
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Comparative analyses of seven techn
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energy system analysed. Outputs are
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illustrates the excess electricity
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Input: DEA 2030 (market) 123 Refere
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Wind power Fuel Power plant CHP Boi
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of driving at full capacity. The di
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Open energy system, 25 TWh annual w
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Marginal PES excl. wind (TWh) 0,0 -
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educes excess production and fuel s
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M€/TWh fuel saved 120 100 80 60 4
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[8] M. Little, M. Thomson, and D. I
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[37] Danish Energy Authority, Elkra
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Long term perspective for balancing
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Contents 1 Technology Description .
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7.2.1 Fuel cell types In Table 7-2
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Page 275 and 276: In the same energy system SOFC CHP
Page 277 and 278: 400$/kW before 2015 also for SOFC s
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Page 281: [12] B. V. Mathiesen and H. Lund, "
Page 285 and 286: Abstract Integrated transport and r
Page 287 and 288: phase. The detailed energy system a
Page 289 and 290: The increase in the international a
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Page 293 and 294: ate to 6 per cent. The result is th
Page 295: Appendix IX 171
Page 298 and 299: 2 The design of 100% renewable ener
Page 300 and 301: 4 documentation of the model can be
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Page 304 and 305: 8 combined in order to reach the ta
Page 307 and 308: Uncertainties related to the identi
Page 309 and 310: tion of one marginal technology is
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Page 313 and 314: The policy from 1996 [24] built on
Page 315 and 316: tial LCA studies should include sev
Page 317 and 318: 6 Case study of the affected electr
Page 319 and 320: adding waste to the BAU energy syst
Page 321 and 322: fected; thus, reinvestments are aff
Page 323: Appendix A LCA‐Study Miljømæssi
Page 328 and 329: [16] G. Finnveden, J. Johansson, P.
Page 330: [46] N. Mattsson, T. Unger, and T.
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