Fuel cells and electrolysers in future energy systems - VBN

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The results for air/water HP resemble the results for geothermal HP. The electricity demand is 1.73 TWh and the total fuel demand is 1.87 TWh. Electricity from PP, CHP and reduced excess electricity are now 0.53, 0.79 and 0.42 TWh, respectively. Fig. 3, Annual fuel consumption of supplying 300,000 houses with heat from individual geothermal HP incl. electric peak load boiler in the BAU 2030 CHP energy system. In fig. 4, the energy conversion with micro FC‐CHP based on either natural gas or biogas is illustrated. In this case, 7.37 TWh of gas is consumed in order to meet the heat demand of 4.5 TWh. However, 2.14 TWh of electricity is also produced. The excess production is raised by 0.39 TWh and the remaining electricity is saved at CHP and PP. At CHP plants, the reduced production leads to a change in the heat production, which is then met by peak load boilers. This leads to relatively small marginal fuel savings in the BAU 2030 CHP system. In total, 2.63 TWh of fuel is saved in the energy system. The net result is 4.73 TWh, which is a minor increase compared to the 4.5 TWh used in gas boilers. If biogas is used in the micro FC‐CHP shown in fig. 4, the net fuel consumption is the same; but the use of biogas is 7.37 TWh and the net saving of natural gas is 2.18 TWh. Fuel demand 4.73 TWhfuel 7.37 TWhfuel 2.63 TWhfuel Increased Excess electricity Power plant CHP / boiler Micro FC-CHP / peak boiler Marginal system changes 100 2.14 TWhe 0.88 TWhe 0.87 TWhe 0.39 TWhe 4.5 TWhth Heat demand
Fig. 4, Annual fuel consumption of supplying 300,000 houses with heat from individual micro FC‐CHP based on natural gas or biogas in the BAU 2030 CHP energy system. In fig. 5, the energy conversion with hydrogen micro FC‐CHPs is illustrated. Electricity production is higher because of higher efficiencies. On the other hand, a substantial amount of electricity is needed for hydrogen production in electrolysers. The higher electricity demand decreases the excess production by 1.21 TWh. This decrease is a net reduction. In most situations, the electrolysers use the excess electricity production. How‐ ever, in other cases, the micro FC‐CHP will increase the excess electricity production. 8.02 TWh of electricity has to be provided to the electrolysers from an increased production of CHP and PP, leading to a fuel con‐ sumption of 12.89 TWh. Fuel demand Electrolyser 13.50 TWhe 12.89 TWhfuel Reduced excess electricity Micro FC-CHP / peak boiler Power plant CHP / boiler Marginal system changes 101 5.05 TWhe 2.96 TWhe 1.22 TWhe 4.5 TWhth 4.27 TWhe Heat demand Fig. 5, Annual fuel consumption of supplying 300,000 houses with heat from individual micro FC‐CHP based on hydrogen in the BAU 2030 CHP energy system. CHP plants play an important role in the analyses of the alternatives in the BAU 2030 CHP system. The alter‐ natives are also analysed in a system without CHP, also with 50 per cent wind. In such a case, the fuel con‐ sumption generated by the production of electricity for the heat pumps becomes higher and the micro FC‐ CHP systems improve, since more fuel is saved at PP. In fig. 6 and 7, the resulting fuel consumption of the heating systems in the energy system with and without CHP plants is shown. In both cases, HPs have by far the lowest fuel consumption and the hydrogen micro FC‐ CHP has the highest. The fuel consumption of natural gas‐based micro FC‐CHP is 0.23 TWh higher than the natural gas boiler in the BAU 2030 CHP system and 0.5 TWh lower than in the BAU 2030 Non‐CHP system. The oil savings achieved in the HP and electrolyser alternatives are related to an increased CHP production, which provides an extra electricity demand replacing oil‐based boiler district heating production. In both energy systems, micro FC‐CHP provide a displacement of coal‐based PP. While this displacement results in savings in the micro FC‐CHP based on natural gas or biogas, it creates net increases in the system based on hydrogen, because of the heavy increase in electricity demand.
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Fuel cells and electrolysers in fut
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Tilegnet mine forældre Karl Kristi
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Abstract Efficient fuel cells and e
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Dansk resumé Effektive brændselsc
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Contents ABSTRACT .................
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Appendices I. B. V. Mathiesen and M
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In this dissertation, fuel cells an
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Nomenclature Power generation and r
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Fuel cells and electrolysers have t
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In December 2006, a plan for how an
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a) Fuel 107 units b) Fuel 87 units
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In the current energy system, elect
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2 The energy system analysis method
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taxes. Output consists of annual en
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3 Reference systems and the design
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the IDA 2030 system, and, in an upd
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gies to improve the integration of
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Fuel cells AFC PEMFC PAFC MCFC SOFC
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PEMFCs are characterised by a rathe
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tion time in portable devices [25].
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Except when pure hydrogen is used,
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they supply. In transport applicati
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Thus, when in operation, all types
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CHP, and under four ancillary servi
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Grid‐stabilising plants 30 per ce
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In the IDA 2030 energy system, a sh
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PES excl. wind power (TWh) PES excl
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6 Applications of solid oxide fuel
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tion of power plants and improve th
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hydrogen Central and Local FC‐CHP
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The combinations of seven different
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when fuel prices are high, especial
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6.4 Socio‐economic consequences I
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7 Individual household heating syst
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kW/kW‐average 3 2 1 0 Heat Demand
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Fig. 19, Annual fuel consumption of
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Fuel (TWh/year) 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0
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M. EUR/year 800 700 600 500 400 300
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Fuel (TWh/year) 18 16 14 12 10 8 6
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d) Compared with other fossil fuel
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systems are installed, such low tax
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given heat production. A system is
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energy systems in the coming years,
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The second of the two types of ener
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Wind power Fuel Power plant CHP Boi
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has been used for identifying the n
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In Fig. 37, the effects of using th
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In the energy system analyses, HP p
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M€/TWh fuel saved 120 100 80 60 4
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For all alternatives, doubling the
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9 Life cycle screening of solid oxi
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chromium alloy used in the intercon
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In terms of primary energy consumpt
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ures on the path towards future 100
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plemented first. The socio‐econom
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socio‐economic calculations)," Da
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[40] M. C. Tucker, G. Y. Lau, C. P.
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[69] H. Lund, "Excess electricity d
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Appendix I 3
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2 Fuel cell types In most countries
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transport or smaller devices. DMFCs
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combined with the water management
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While interconnectors diffuse the g
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the systems are less sensitive to p
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Annex I. AFC Technology (2008‐pri
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Annex III. LT‐PEMFC Technology (2
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Annex V. MCFC Technology MCFC‐sys
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References [1] B. V. Mathiesen and
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[32] J. R. Selman, "Molten‐salt f
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[64] L. Blum, H. P. Buchkremer, S.
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Abstract Solid oxide fuel cells and
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West Denmark Norway Germany 31 Swed
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2 Ancillary service requirements An
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have been identified. For SOFCs, me
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As a reference for the analyses, a
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• Wind turbines and locally dispa
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In the first ancillary service scen
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10 Acknowledgements This paper is p
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[34] M. C. Tucker, G. Y. Lau, C. P.
Page 173 and 174: Research Signpost 37/661 (2), Fort
Page 175 and 176: Energy system analysis of fuel cell
Page 189: Energy system analysis of fuel cell
Page 193 and 194: Solid oxide fuel cells in renewable
Page 195 and 196: now, the changes in the Danish ener
Page 197 and 198: In the next step, a market exchange
Page 199 and 200: Extensive investments have to be ma
Page 201 and 202: 2.4 Costs of fuels, fuel handling,
Page 203 and 204: Input: BAU 2030 Electricity system
Page 205 and 206: potential for producing heat in FC
Page 207 and 208: cies do not increase due to larger
Page 209 and 210: In dry years, FC‐CHPs generate pr
Page 211 and 212: 4 Conclusion SOFC can improve the f
Page 213: [23] Danish Energy Authority, "Frem
Page 217 and 218: Comparative energy system analysis
Page 219 and 220: 2 Methodology In the methodology, t
Page 221 and 222: to fuel at households of 72 per cen
Page 223: listed in table 5 are from the Dani
Page 227 and 228: enables a heat supply for at least
Page 229 and 230: The COP of both HP systems have to
Page 231 and 232: operated simultaneously; that the C
Page 233 and 234: The HP systems analysed for 300,000
Page 235 and 236: M. EUR/year 1,300 1,100 900 700 500
Page 237: [11] B. V. Mathiesen and H. Lund, "
Page 241 and 242: Comparative analyses of seven techn
Page 243 and 244: energy system analysed. Outputs are
Page 245 and 246: illustrates the excess electricity
Page 247 and 248: Input: DEA 2030 (market) 123 Refere
Page 249 and 250: Wind power Fuel Power plant CHP Boi
Page 251 and 252: of driving at full capacity. The di
Page 253 and 254: Open energy system, 25 TWh annual w
Page 255 and 256: Marginal PES excl. wind (TWh) 0,0 -
Page 257 and 258: educes excess production and fuel s
Page 259 and 260: M€/TWh fuel saved 120 100 80 60 4
Page 261 and 262: [8] M. Little, M. Thomson, and D. I
Page 263: [37] Danish Energy Authority, Elkra
Page 267 and 268: Long term perspective for balancing
Page 269 and 270: Contents 1 Technology Description .
Page 271 and 272: 7.2.1 Fuel cell types In Table 7-2
Page 273 and 274: In the SOFCs the electrolyte allows
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In the same energy system SOFC CHP
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400$/kW before 2015 also for SOFC s
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unning temperature is lowered to 55
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[12] B. V. Mathiesen and H. Lund, "
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Abstract Integrated transport and r
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phase. The detailed energy system a
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The increase in the international a
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2030, this results in 28.56 PJ net
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ate to 6 per cent. The result is th
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Appendix IX 171
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2 The design of 100% renewable ener
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4 documentation of the model can be
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6 1.000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300
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8 combined in order to reach the ta
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Uncertainties related to the identi
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tion of one marginal technology is
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policies for changes and a projecti
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The policy from 1996 [24] built on
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tial LCA studies should include sev
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6 Case study of the affected electr
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adding waste to the BAU energy syst
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fected; thus, reinvestments are aff
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Appendix A LCA‐Study Miljømæssi
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LCA‐Study LCA of Danish fish prod
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[16] G. Finnveden, J. Johansson, P.
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[46] N. Mattsson, T. Unger, and T.
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Fuel cells and electrolysers in future energy systems - VBN

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