Fuel cells and electrolysers in future energy systems - VBN

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[7] C. Stiller, B. Thorud, S. Seljebo, O. Mathisen, H. Karoliussen, and O. Bolland, "Finite‐volume modeling and hybrid‐cycle performance of planar and tubular solid oxide fuel cells," Journal of Power Sources, vol. 141, no. 2, pp. 227‐240, Mar.2005. [8] M. Ni, M. K. H. Leung, and D. Y. C. Leung, "Technological development of hydrogen production by solid oxide electrolyzer cell (SOEC)," International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. In Press, Corrected Proof 2008. [9] E. Fontell, T. Kivisaari, N. Christiansen, J.‐B. Hansen, and J. Palsson, "Conceptual study of a 250 kW pla‐ nar SOFC system for CHP application," Journal of Power Sources, vol. 131, no. 1‐2, pp. 49‐56, May2004. [10] F. Calise, A. Palombo, and L. Vanoli, "Design and partial load exergy analysis of hybrid SOFC‐GT power plant," Journal of Power Sources, vol. 158, no. 1, pp. 225‐244, July2006. [11] Hydro, "Utsira Wind power and hydrogen Plant, Fact Sheet," Hydro, Oslo,June2007. [12] H. Lund, "Choice awareness: The development of technological and institutional choice in the public debate of Danish energy planning," Journal of Environmental Policy and Planning, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 249‐ 259, 2000. [13] H. Lund and B. V. Mathiesen, "Energy system analysis of 100% renewable energy systems ‐ The case of Denmark in years 2030 and 2050," Energy, vol. In Press, Corrected Proof May2008. [14] H. Lund and B. V. Mathiesen, "Ingeniørforeningens Energiplan 2030 ‐ Tekniske energisystemanalyser, samfundsøkonomisk konsekvensvurdering og kvantificering af erhvervspotentialer. Baggrundsrapport (Danish Society of Engineers' Energy Plan 2030)," Danish Society of Engineers (Ingeniørforeningen Danmark), Copenhagen,Dec.2006. [15] B. V. Mathiesen, H. Lund, and P. Norgaard, "Integrated transport and renewable energy systems," Utili‐ ties Policy, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 107‐116, June2008. [16] Ministry of Transport and Energy, "Energy Strategy 2025 ‐ Perspectives to 2025 and Draft action plan for the future electricity infrastructure," Ministry of Transport and Energy, Copenhagen,Nov.2005. [17] B. V. Mathiesen and H. Lund, "Energy system analysis of fuel cells and distributed generation," in Fuel cell and distributed generation, 1 ed. F. J. Melguizo, Ed. Kerala, India: Research Signpost, 2007, pp. 111‐ 127. [18] H. Lund, "EnergyPLAN ‐ Advanced Energy Systems Analysis Computer Model ‐ Documentation Version 7.0," Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark,Mar.2007. [19] B. V. Mathiesen and H. Lund, "Comparative analyses of seven technologies to facilitate the integration of fluctuating renewable energy sources," Submitted for IET Renewable Power Generation (Status: un‐ der review), June2008. [20] H. Lund and E. Munster, "Integrated energy systems and local energy markets," Energy Policy, vol. 34, no. 10, pp. 1152‐1160, July2006. [21] Danish Energy Authority, Elkraft System, and eltra, "Technology Data for Electricity and Heat Genera‐ tion Plants," Energistyrelsen (Danish Energy Authority), Copenhagen, Denmark,Mar.2005. [22] H. Lund and B. V. Mathiesen, "Ingeniørforeningens Energiplan 2030 ‐ opdaterede samfundsøkonomiske beregninger (Danish Society of Engineers' Energy Plan 2030 – updated socio‐economic calculations)," Danish Society of Engineers (Ingeniørforeningen Danmark), Copenhagen,May2008. 88
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Fuel cells and electrolysers in fut
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Tilegnet mine forældre Karl Kristi
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Abstract Efficient fuel cells and e
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Dansk resumé Effektive brændselsc
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Contents ABSTRACT .................
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Appendices I. B. V. Mathiesen and M
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In this dissertation, fuel cells an
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Nomenclature Power generation and r
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Fuel cells and electrolysers have t
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In December 2006, a plan for how an
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a) Fuel 107 units b) Fuel 87 units
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In the current energy system, elect
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2 The energy system analysis method
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taxes. Output consists of annual en
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3 Reference systems and the design
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the IDA 2030 system, and, in an upd
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gies to improve the integration of
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Fuel cells AFC PEMFC PAFC MCFC SOFC
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PEMFCs are characterised by a rathe
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tion time in portable devices [25].
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Except when pure hydrogen is used,
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they supply. In transport applicati
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Thus, when in operation, all types
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CHP, and under four ancillary servi
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Grid‐stabilising plants 30 per ce
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In the IDA 2030 energy system, a sh
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PES excl. wind power (TWh) PES excl
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6 Applications of solid oxide fuel
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tion of power plants and improve th
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hydrogen Central and Local FC‐CHP
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The combinations of seven different
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when fuel prices are high, especial
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6.4 Socio‐economic consequences I
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7 Individual household heating syst
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kW/kW‐average 3 2 1 0 Heat Demand
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Fig. 19, Annual fuel consumption of
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Fuel (TWh/year) 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0
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M. EUR/year 800 700 600 500 400 300
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Fuel (TWh/year) 18 16 14 12 10 8 6
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d) Compared with other fossil fuel
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systems are installed, such low tax
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given heat production. A system is
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energy systems in the coming years,
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The second of the two types of ener
Page 96 and 97:
Wind power Fuel Power plant CHP Boi
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has been used for identifying the n
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In Fig. 37, the effects of using th
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In the energy system analyses, HP p
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M€/TWh fuel saved 120 100 80 60 4
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For all alternatives, doubling the
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9 Life cycle screening of solid oxi
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chromium alloy used in the intercon
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In terms of primary energy consumpt
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ures on the path towards future 100
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plemented first. The socio‐econom
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socio‐economic calculations)," Da
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[40] M. C. Tucker, G. Y. Lau, C. P.
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[69] H. Lund, "Excess electricity d
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Appendix I 3
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2 Fuel cell types In most countries
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transport or smaller devices. DMFCs
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combined with the water management
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While interconnectors diffuse the g
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the systems are less sensitive to p
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Annex I. AFC Technology (2008‐pri
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Annex III. LT‐PEMFC Technology (2
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Annex V. MCFC Technology MCFC‐sys
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References [1] B. V. Mathiesen and
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[32] J. R. Selman, "Molten‐salt f
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[64] L. Blum, H. P. Buchkremer, S.
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Abstract Solid oxide fuel cells and
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West Denmark Norway Germany 31 Swed
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2 Ancillary service requirements An
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have been identified. For SOFCs, me
Page 161 and 162: As a reference for the analyses, a
Page 163 and 164: • Wind turbines and locally dispa
Page 165 and 166: In the first ancillary service scen
Page 167 and 168: 10 Acknowledgements This paper is p
Page 169: [34] M. C. Tucker, G. Y. Lau, C. P.
Page 173 and 174: Research Signpost 37/661 (2), Fort
Page 175 and 176: Energy system analysis of fuel cell
Page 189: Energy system analysis of fuel cell
Page 193 and 194: Solid oxide fuel cells in renewable
Page 195 and 196: now, the changes in the Danish ener
Page 197 and 198: In the next step, a market exchange
Page 199 and 200: Extensive investments have to be ma
Page 201 and 202: 2.4 Costs of fuels, fuel handling,
Page 203 and 204: Input: BAU 2030 Electricity system
Page 205 and 206: potential for producing heat in FC
Page 207 and 208: cies do not increase due to larger
Page 209 and 210: In dry years, FC‐CHPs generate pr
Page 211: 4 Conclusion SOFC can improve the f
Page 217 and 218: Comparative energy system analysis
Page 219 and 220: 2 Methodology In the methodology, t
Page 221 and 222: to fuel at households of 72 per cen
Page 223 and 224: listed in table 5 are from the Dani
Page 225 and 226: Fig. 4, Annual fuel consumption of
Page 227 and 228: enables a heat supply for at least
Page 229 and 230: The COP of both HP systems have to
Page 231 and 232: operated simultaneously; that the C
Page 233 and 234: The HP systems analysed for 300,000
Page 235 and 236: M. EUR/year 1,300 1,100 900 700 500
Page 237: [11] B. V. Mathiesen and H. Lund, "
Page 241 and 242: Comparative analyses of seven techn
Page 243 and 244: energy system analysed. Outputs are
Page 245 and 246: illustrates the excess electricity
Page 247 and 248: Input: DEA 2030 (market) 123 Refere
Page 249 and 250: Wind power Fuel Power plant CHP Boi
Page 251 and 252: of driving at full capacity. The di
Page 253 and 254: Open energy system, 25 TWh annual w
Page 255 and 256: Marginal PES excl. wind (TWh) 0,0 -
Page 257 and 258: educes excess production and fuel s
Page 259 and 260: M€/TWh fuel saved 120 100 80 60 4
Page 261 and 262: [8] M. Little, M. Thomson, and D. I
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[37] Danish Energy Authority, Elkra
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Long term perspective for balancing
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Contents 1 Technology Description .
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7.2.1 Fuel cell types In Table 7-2
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In the SOFCs the electrolyte allows
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In the same energy system SOFC CHP
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400$/kW before 2015 also for SOFC s
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unning temperature is lowered to 55
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[12] B. V. Mathiesen and H. Lund, "
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Abstract Integrated transport and r
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phase. The detailed energy system a
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The increase in the international a
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2030, this results in 28.56 PJ net
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ate to 6 per cent. The result is th
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Appendix IX 171
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2 The design of 100% renewable ener
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4 documentation of the model can be
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6 1.000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300
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8 combined in order to reach the ta
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Uncertainties related to the identi
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tion of one marginal technology is
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policies for changes and a projecti
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The policy from 1996 [24] built on
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tial LCA studies should include sev
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6 Case study of the affected electr
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adding waste to the BAU energy syst
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fected; thus, reinvestments are aff
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Appendix A LCA‐Study Miljømæssi
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LCA‐Study LCA of Danish fish prod
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[16] G. Finnveden, J. Johansson, P.
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[46] N. Mattsson, T. Unger, and T.
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