Fuel cells and electrolysers in future energy systems - VBN

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Fuel cells and electrolysers in future energy systems PhD Thesis by Brian Vad Mathiesen Department of Development and Planning Aalborg University December 2008
Page 1: Fuel cells and electrolysers in fut
Page 6 and 7: Fuel cells and electrolysers in fut
Page 8 and 9: ties fuel cells can replace steam t
Page 10 and 11: ændselscellerne erstatte kondenskr
Page 12 and 13: 6 APPLICATIONS OF SOLID OXIDE FUEL
Page 15 and 16: Preface In the spring of 2001, in m
Page 17 and 18: conversions on life cycle assessmen
Page 19 and 20: 1 Introduction The purpose of this
Page 21 and 22: goal for reductions in greenhouse g
Page 23 and 24: a) b) Fuel 200 units Fuel 132 units
Page 25 and 26: a) Fuel 97 units b) Fuel 68 units c
Page 27: changing demands or adding technolo
Page 30 and 31: The EnergyPLAN model enables the an
Page 32 and 33: exclude taxes. The costs are divide
Page 34 and 35: study. The interest rates used as w
Page 36 and 37: In the electric, the traditional an
Page 39 and 40: 4 The nature of fuel cells In this
Page 41 and 42: e.g. the manned Apollo missions, wh
Page 43 and 44: paths can be divided into two categ
Page 45 and 46: forts are being made to reduce temp
Page 47 and 48: fuel cells, namely MCFC and SOFC, t
Page 49 and 50: insulation required makes larger CH
Page 51 and 52: 5 Efficiency of fuel cell CHP and l
Page 53 and 54:
• The minimum share of technologi
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In Fig. 10, the excess electricity
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Excess production (TWh) Excess prod
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5.5 Conclusion Currently, the ancil
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5. Application no. 3 with Local FC
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system are higher than those of the
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Large Central FC‐CHPs cannot comp
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600 500 400 300 200 100 0 600 500 4
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200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20
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less efficient. If the efficiency a
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sub alternatives. District heating
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Fig. 18, Annual fuel consumption of
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electricity has to be supplied to t
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Mton 4.00 3.50 3.00 2.50 2.00 1.50
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M. EUR/year 800 700 600 500 400 300
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13.5 TWh. “Free” electricity fr
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c) In the Danish tax system, the HP
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Hence, this could introduce a rewar
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8 Electrolysers and integration of
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and demand by introducing electroly
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8.2 Integration technologies analys
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peak heat demand. The rest of the h
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Open energy system, 25 TWh annual w
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Marginal excess production (TWh) 0,
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M€/TWh fuel saved 120 100 80 60 4
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ELT/CHP, no fixed amount of hydroge
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tric boiler is not implemented corr
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9.2 Environmental impacts in the us
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The power density of the fuel cell,
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10 Conclusion Today, most electrici
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etter options in terms of meeting t
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References [1] B. V. Mathiesen and
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[26] C. Song, "Fuel processing for
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[54] H. Meng, "Numerical Studies of
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Appendices I. B. V. Mathiesen and M
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Abstract The nature of fuel cells B
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cathode in the cell; thus, the elec
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could increase the lifetime beyond
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long lifetimes at constant operatio
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integration poses a major challenge
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systems need to be developed in ord
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Annex II. PAFC Technology (2008‐p
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Annex IV. HT‐PEMFC Technology (20
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Annex VI. SOFC Technology SOFC‐sy
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[15] R. W. Sidwell and W. G. Coors,
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[48] L. Magistri, M. Bozzolo, O. Ta
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Appendix II 27
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In Denmark, a current wind power ca
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wind speeds rose to above 20 m/s; a
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In 2007, the total maximum of manua
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Technology Coal or biomass dust‐f
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MWe 16,000 14,000 12,000 10,000 8,0
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8 Results of the analyses of ancill
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Excess production (TWh) Excess prod
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[16] V. Akhmatov, C. Rasmussen, P.
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Appendix III 47
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112 B. V. Mathiesen & H. Lund In re
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114 B. V. Mathiesen & H. Lund exper
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116 B. V. Mathiesen & H. Lund input
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118 B. V. Mathiesen & H. Lund The s
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120 B. V. Mathiesen & H. Lund Table
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122 B. V. Mathiesen & H. Lund To an
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124 B. V. Mathiesen & H. Lund app.
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126 B. V. Mathiesen & H. Lund 4. Co
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Appendix IV 67
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per cent reduction in greenhouse ga
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2 Methodology Six different applica
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2.2.2 The design of contemporary an
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In the Micro FC‐CHP applications,
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In the Nordic electricity system, p
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3 Results Here, the results of the
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In Fig. 4, the changes in excess el
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600 500 400 300 200 100 0 600 500 4
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200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20
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[7] C. Stiller, B. Thorud, S. Selje
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Appendix V 91
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these systems is seen as an impedim
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The reference has a high share of C
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have the same costs as natural gas
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The results for air/water HP resemb
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Fuel (TWh/year) Fuel (TWh/year) 14
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lowest fuel costs and the largest i
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When using waste from electrolysers
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If we consider the extreme situatio
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c) In the Danish tax system, the HP
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In systems with high shares of wind
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Appendix VI 115
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years [11]. In 2007, more than 50 p
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In Fig. 1, some of the main compone
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the system is able to use boilers a
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Wind power Fuel Power plant CHP Boi
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Wind power Fuel Power plant CHP Boi
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The costs of flexible demand are ra
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ELT/micro increase PES excl. RES. H
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M€/TWh fuel saved 120 100 80 60 4
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M€/TWh fuel saved 120 100 80 60 4
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With more than 40‐50 per cent of
Page 262 and 263:
[22] H. Lund and E. Munster, "Model
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Appendix VII 141
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The DESIRE Consortium: Aalborg Univ
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7 Technology Description 7.1 Introd
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For high temperature fuel cells the
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less problems with liquid H2O. This
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PES excl. wind power (TWh) 290 280
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is based on a planar 1 kW SOFC from
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e in the manufacturing stage of the
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Appendix VIII 159
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108 B.V. Mathiesen et al. / Utiliti
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Energy system analysis of 100% rene
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described below. The energy system
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The bars to the left illustrate the
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eference under the assumption that
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Appendix X 181
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LCI data as such are still mainly b
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wind power, in the logic of the met
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from the Danish Energy Authority [1
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marginal, if the trend of the deman
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The marginal electricity technology
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incineration of waste, e.g. residua
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Fig. 3, Fuel substitution with 3.6
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of the technologies and the market
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LCA‐Study Madaffald fra storkøkk
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References [1] B. P. Weidema, N. Fr
Page 329 and 330:
[31] N. Frees, "Miljoemaessige ford
Page 332:
Efficient fuel cells and electrolys
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Fuel cells and electrolysers in future energy systems - VBN

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