Fuel cells and electrolysers in future energy systems - VBN

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In December 2006, a plan for how and when to achieve the goal of a 100 per cent renew‐ able energy system was proposed by the Danish Association of Engineers in the IDA Energy Plan 2030 [5;11‐13]. This energy plan involved three main transformations from the current Danish energy system; i.e. increased savings in demand, increased energy conversion effi‐ ciency with fuel cells and large heat pumps, and renewable energy replacing fossil fuels, also involving the use of electrolysers. The Danish energy system represents a good case for the identification of possible applica‐ tions of fuel cells and electrolysers. It represents both a historical and a future develop‐ ment, reflecting the transition which is likely to occur in the design of other energy systems at the international level. 1.4 Identifying suitable applications of fuel cells and electrolysers The advantages of using fuel cells as power plants in energy systems with separate electric‐ ity and heat supplies can be identified rather simply, i.e. by comparing the efficiencies of traditional steam turbine power plants to the potential developments of fuel cells, as illus‐ trated in Fig. 1. However, while this identification may seem simple in the current energy systems; it be‐ comes more complex in integrated energy systems with intermittent resources and CHP, etc. In Fig. 2 to Fig. 4, schemas of different energy systems are presented, illustrating the different phases from current energy system designs to future integrated energy systems designs, all supplying the same services. The figures illustrate the effects of replacing state‐ of‐the‐art conventional technologies with more efficient fuel cell technologies. Fuel 200 units Conventional technology Fuel cell technology Power plant 100 units of electricity 20 Fuel 150 units Power plant 100 units of electricity Fig. 1, Schema of the electricity supply in conventional power plants and fuel cell power plants.
a) b) Fuel 200 units Fuel 132 units c) Fuel 99 units Conventional technologies Fuel cell technologies 66 units 66 units Wind power 33 units 66 units Power plant 17 units Electricity Power plant Boiler Power plant Boiler 33 units of electricity Electric heating 66 units of heat 33 units of electricity 66 units of heat 33 units of electricity 66 units of heat 21 Fuel 150 units Fuel 116 units Fuel 91 units 50 units 66 units Wind power 25 units Fuel 66 units Power plant 17 units Electricity Power plant Boiler Power plant Boiler 33 units of electricity Electric heating 66 units of heat 33 units of electricity 66 units of heat 33 units of electricity 66 units of heat Fig. 2, Schema of energy systems with and without wind power, in which the electricity and heat supplies are met by electricity from power plants alone or from power plants and fuel boilers. In Fig. 2 a), b) and c), the electricity and heat supplies are met by electricity from power plants alone or by power plants and fuel boilers. In these systems, fuel cell power plants would result in significantly lower fuel consumption, also when intermittent resources, such as wind power, are added to the system.
Page 1: Fuel cells and electrolysers in fut
Page 5 and 6: Tilegnet mine forældre Karl Kristi
Page 7 and 8: Abstract Efficient fuel cells and e
Page 9 and 10: Dansk resumé Effektive brændselsc
Page 11 and 12: Contents ABSTRACT .................
Page 13: Appendices I. B. V. Mathiesen and M
Page 16 and 17: In this dissertation, fuel cells an
Page 18 and 19: Nomenclature Power generation and r
Page 20 and 21: Fuel cells and electrolysers have t
Page 24 and 25: a) Fuel 107 units b) Fuel 87 units
Page 26 and 27: In the current energy system, elect
Page 29 and 30: 2 The energy system analysis method
Page 31 and 32: taxes. Output consists of annual en
Page 33 and 34: 3 Reference systems and the design
Page 35 and 36: the IDA 2030 system, and, in an upd
Page 37: gies to improve the integration of
Page 40 and 41: Fuel cells AFC PEMFC PAFC MCFC SOFC
Page 42 and 43: PEMFCs are characterised by a rathe
Page 44 and 45: tion time in portable devices [25].
Page 46 and 47: Except when pure hydrogen is used,
Page 48 and 49: they supply. In transport applicati
Page 50 and 51: Thus, when in operation, all types
Page 52 and 53: CHP, and under four ancillary servi
Page 54 and 55: Grid‐stabilising plants 30 per ce
Page 56 and 57: In the IDA 2030 energy system, a sh
Page 58 and 59: PES excl. wind power (TWh) PES excl
Page 61 and 62: 6 Applications of solid oxide fuel
Page 63 and 64: tion of power plants and improve th
Page 65 and 66: hydrogen Central and Local FC‐CHP
Page 67 and 68: The combinations of seven different
Page 69 and 70: when fuel prices are high, especial
Page 71 and 72: 6.4 Socio‐economic consequences I
Page 73 and 74:
7 Individual household heating syst
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kW/kW‐average 3 2 1 0 Heat Demand
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Fig. 19, Annual fuel consumption of
Page 79 and 80:
Fuel (TWh/year) 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0
Page 81 and 82:
M. EUR/year 800 700 600 500 400 300
Page 83 and 84:
Fuel (TWh/year) 18 16 14 12 10 8 6
Page 85 and 86:
d) Compared with other fossil fuel
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systems are installed, such low tax
Page 89:
given heat production. A system is
Page 92 and 93:
energy systems in the coming years,
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The second of the two types of ener
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Wind power Fuel Power plant CHP Boi
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has been used for identifying the n
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In Fig. 37, the effects of using th
Page 102 and 103:
In the energy system analyses, HP p
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M€/TWh fuel saved 120 100 80 60 4
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For all alternatives, doubling the
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9 Life cycle screening of solid oxi
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chromium alloy used in the intercon
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In terms of primary energy consumpt
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ures on the path towards future 100
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plemented first. The socio‐econom
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socio‐economic calculations)," Da
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[40] M. C. Tucker, G. Y. Lau, C. P.
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[69] H. Lund, "Excess electricity d
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Appendix I 3
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2 Fuel cell types In most countries
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transport or smaller devices. DMFCs
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combined with the water management
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While interconnectors diffuse the g
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the systems are less sensitive to p
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Annex I. AFC Technology (2008‐pri
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Annex III. LT‐PEMFC Technology (2
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Annex V. MCFC Technology MCFC‐sys
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References [1] B. V. Mathiesen and
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[32] J. R. Selman, "Molten‐salt f
Page 150 and 151:
[64] L. Blum, H. P. Buchkremer, S.
Page 153 and 154:
Abstract Solid oxide fuel cells and
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West Denmark Norway Germany 31 Swed
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2 Ancillary service requirements An
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have been identified. For SOFCs, me
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As a reference for the analyses, a
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• Wind turbines and locally dispa
Page 165 and 166:
In the first ancillary service scen
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10 Acknowledgements This paper is p
Page 169:
[34] M. C. Tucker, G. Y. Lau, C. P.
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Research Signpost 37/661 (2), Fort
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Energy system analysis of fuel cell
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Page 179 and 180:
Page 181 and 182:
Page 183 and 184:
Page 185 and 186:
Page 187 and 188:
Page 189:
Page 193 and 194:
Solid oxide fuel cells in renewable
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now, the changes in the Danish ener
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In the next step, a market exchange
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Extensive investments have to be ma
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2.4 Costs of fuels, fuel handling,
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Input: BAU 2030 Electricity system
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potential for producing heat in FC
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cies do not increase due to larger
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In dry years, FC‐CHPs generate pr
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4 Conclusion SOFC can improve the f
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[23] Danish Energy Authority, "Frem
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Comparative energy system analysis
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2 Methodology In the methodology, t
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to fuel at households of 72 per cen
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listed in table 5 are from the Dani
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Fig. 4, Annual fuel consumption of
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enables a heat supply for at least
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The COP of both HP systems have to
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operated simultaneously; that the C
Page 233 and 234:
The HP systems analysed for 300,000
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M. EUR/year 1,300 1,100 900 700 500
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[11] B. V. Mathiesen and H. Lund, "
Page 241 and 242:
Comparative analyses of seven techn
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energy system analysed. Outputs are
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illustrates the excess electricity
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Input: DEA 2030 (market) 123 Refere
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Wind power Fuel Power plant CHP Boi
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of driving at full capacity. The di
Page 253 and 254:
Open energy system, 25 TWh annual w
Page 255 and 256:
Marginal PES excl. wind (TWh) 0,0 -
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educes excess production and fuel s
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M€/TWh fuel saved 120 100 80 60 4
Page 261 and 262:
[8] M. Little, M. Thomson, and D. I
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[37] Danish Energy Authority, Elkra
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Long term perspective for balancing
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Contents 1 Technology Description .
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7.2.1 Fuel cell types In Table 7-2
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In the SOFCs the electrolyte allows
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In the same energy system SOFC CHP
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400$/kW before 2015 also for SOFC s
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unning temperature is lowered to 55
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[12] B. V. Mathiesen and H. Lund, "
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Abstract Integrated transport and r
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phase. The detailed energy system a
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The increase in the international a
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2030, this results in 28.56 PJ net
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ate to 6 per cent. The result is th
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Appendix IX 171
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2 The design of 100% renewable ener
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4 documentation of the model can be
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6 1.000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300
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8 combined in order to reach the ta
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Uncertainties related to the identi
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tion of one marginal technology is
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policies for changes and a projecti
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The policy from 1996 [24] built on
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tial LCA studies should include sev
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6 Case study of the affected electr
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adding waste to the BAU energy syst
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fected; thus, reinvestments are aff
Page 323 and 324:
Appendix A LCA‐Study Miljømæssi
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LCA‐Study LCA of Danish fish prod
Page 328 and 329:
[16] G. Finnveden, J. Johansson, P.
Page 330:
[46] N. Mattsson, T. Unger, and T.
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