Fuel cells and electrolysers in future energy systems - VBN

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116 B.V. Mathiesen et al. / Utilities Policy 16 (2008) 107e116 References Blarke, M.B., Lund, H., The effectiveness of storage and relocation options in renewable energy systems. Renewable Energy, in press. doi:10.1016/j. renene.2007.09.001. Clark II, W.W., Rifkin, J., 2006. A green hydrogen economy. Energy Policy 34 (17), 2630e2639. Commission of the European Communities, 2006. An EU Strategy for Biofuels. European Commission, Brussels. Danish Ministry of Transport and Energy, 2005. Energy Strategy 2025dPerspectives to 2025 and Draft action plan for the future electricity infrastructure. The Danish Ministry of Transport and Energy, Copenhagen. Danmark Statistik, 2005. Transport 2005. Danmarks Statistik (Statistics Denmark), Copenhagen. EC, 2003. Directive 2003/30/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on the Promotion of the use of Biofuels or Other Renewable Fuels for Transport. L123, 42e46. 17-5-2003. The European Parliament and the Council of the European Union, Brussels. Energistyrelsen, Elkraft system and eltra, 2005. Technology Data for Electricity and Heat Generation Plants. EnergistyrelsendDanish Energy Authority, Copenhagen, Denmark. Hvelplund, F., 2006. Renewable energy and the need for local energy markets. Energy 31 (13), 2293e2302. IEA, 2004. World Energy Outlook 2004. OECD/IEA, Paris. Lund, H., 2000. Choice awareness: The development of technological and institutional choice in the public debate of Danish energy planning. Journal of Environmental Policy and Planning 2 (3), 249e259. Lund, H., 2003. Excess electricity diagrams and the integration of renewable energy. International Journal of Sustainable Energy 23 (4), 149e156. Lund, H., 2005. Large-scale integration of wind power into different energy systems. Energy 30 (13), 2402e2412. Lund, H., 2006. Large-scale integration of optimal combinations of PV, wind and wave power into the electricity supply. Renewable Energy 31 (4), 503e515. Lund, H., 2007. EnergyPLANdAdvanced Energy Systems Analysis Computer Model. Documentation Version 7.0. Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark. http://www.energyPLAN.eu. Lund, H., Clark, W.W., 2002. Management of fluctuations in wind power and CHP comparing two possible Danish strategies. Energy 27 (5), 471e483. Lund, H., Mathiesen, B.V., 2006. Ingeniørforeningens Energiplan 2030dTekniske energisystemanalyser, samfundsøkonomisk konsekvensvurdering og kvantificering af erhvervspotentialer. Baggrundsrapport (Danish Society of Engineers’ Energy Plan 2030). Danish Society of Engineers, IDA, Copenhagen. Lund, H., Mathiesen, B.V., 2007. Energy system analysis of 100 per cent renewable energy systems. Dubrovnik, Croatia: 4th Dubrovnik Conference on Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems. Lund, H., Münster, E., 2003. Management of surplus electricity-production from a fluctuating renewable-energy source. Applied Energy 76 (1e3), 65e74. Lund, H., Münster, E., 2006a. Integrated energy systems and local energy markets. Energy Policy 34 (10), 1152e1160. Lund, H., Münster, E., 2006b. Integrated transportation and energy sector CO2 emission control strategies. Transport Policy 13 (5), 426e433. Lund, H., Ostergaard, P.A., 2000. Electric grid and heat planning scenarios with centralised and distributed sources of conventional, CHP and wind generation. Energy 25 (4), 299e312. Mathiesen, B.V., Lund, H., 2005. Fuel-efficiency of hydrogen and heat storage technologies for integration of fluctuating renewable energy sources, in: 2005 IEEE St. Peterburg powertech. Energy Systems Institute, St. Petersburg Polytechnical University, St. Petersburg. Moller, B., 2006. Changing wind-power landscapes: regional assessment of visual impact on land use and population in Northern Jutland, Denmark. Applied Energy 83 (5), 477e494. Nielsen, O.A., Landex, A., Rørbech, J., 2006. Fremtidsscenarier for transport i Danmark. (Future scenarios for transport in Denmark). Ugebladet Ingeniøren, Copenhagen. Ostergaard, P.A., 2003. Transmission-grid requirements with scattered and fluctuating renewable electricity-sources. Applied Energy 76 (1e3), 247e255. Salgi, G., Lund, H., 2008. System behaviour of compressed-air energy-storage in Denmark with a high penetration of renewable energy sources. Applied Energy 85 (4), 182e189. Sørensen, B., Petersen, A.H., Juhl, C., Ravn, H., Søndergren, C., Simonsen, P., Jørgensen, K., Nielsen, L.H., Larsen, H.V., Morthorst, P.E., Schleisner, L., Sørensen, F., Pedersen, T.E., 2004. Hydrogen as an energy carrier: Scenarios for future use of hydrogen in the Danish energy system. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 29 (1), 23e32. Wit, R.C.N., Boon, B.H., van Velzen, A., Cames, M., Deuber, O., Lee, D.S., 2005. Giving wings to emission trading, Inclusion of aviation under the European emission trading system (ETS): design and impacts (No. ENV.C.2/ETU/2004/0074r). European Commission, DG Environment.
Appendix IX 171
Page 1:
Fuel cells and electrolysers in fut
Page 5 and 6:
Tilegnet mine forældre Karl Kristi
Page 7 and 8:
Abstract Efficient fuel cells and e
Page 9 and 10:
Dansk resumé Effektive brændselsc
Page 11 and 12:
Contents ABSTRACT .................
Page 13:
Appendices I. B. V. Mathiesen and M
Page 16 and 17:
In this dissertation, fuel cells an
Page 18 and 19:
Nomenclature Power generation and r
Page 20 and 21:
Fuel cells and electrolysers have t
Page 22 and 23:
In December 2006, a plan for how an
Page 24 and 25:
a) Fuel 107 units b) Fuel 87 units
Page 26 and 27:
In the current energy system, elect
Page 29 and 30:
2 The energy system analysis method
Page 31 and 32:
taxes. Output consists of annual en
Page 33 and 34:
3 Reference systems and the design
Page 35 and 36:
the IDA 2030 system, and, in an upd
Page 37:
gies to improve the integration of
Page 40 and 41:
Fuel cells AFC PEMFC PAFC MCFC SOFC
Page 42 and 43:
PEMFCs are characterised by a rathe
Page 44 and 45:
tion time in portable devices [25].
Page 46 and 47:
Except when pure hydrogen is used,
Page 48 and 49:
they supply. In transport applicati
Page 50 and 51:
Thus, when in operation, all types
Page 52 and 53:
CHP, and under four ancillary servi
Page 54 and 55:
Grid‐stabilising plants 30 per ce
Page 56 and 57:
In the IDA 2030 energy system, a sh
Page 58 and 59:
PES excl. wind power (TWh) PES excl
Page 61 and 62:
6 Applications of solid oxide fuel
Page 63 and 64:
tion of power plants and improve th
Page 65 and 66:
hydrogen Central and Local FC‐CHP
Page 67 and 68:
The combinations of seven different
Page 69 and 70:
when fuel prices are high, especial
Page 71 and 72:
6.4 Socio‐economic consequences I
Page 73 and 74:
7 Individual household heating syst
Page 75 and 76:
kW/kW‐average 3 2 1 0 Heat Demand
Page 77 and 78:
Fig. 19, Annual fuel consumption of
Page 79 and 80:
Fuel (TWh/year) 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0
Page 81 and 82:
M. EUR/year 800 700 600 500 400 300
Page 83 and 84:
Fuel (TWh/year) 18 16 14 12 10 8 6
Page 85 and 86:
d) Compared with other fossil fuel
Page 87 and 88:
systems are installed, such low tax
Page 89:
given heat production. A system is
Page 92 and 93:
energy systems in the coming years,
Page 94 and 95:
The second of the two types of ener
Page 96 and 97:
Wind power Fuel Power plant CHP Boi
Page 98 and 99:
has been used for identifying the n
Page 100 and 101:
In Fig. 37, the effects of using th
Page 102 and 103:
In the energy system analyses, HP p
Page 104 and 105:
M€/TWh fuel saved 120 100 80 60 4
Page 106 and 107:
For all alternatives, doubling the
Page 109 and 110:
9 Life cycle screening of solid oxi
Page 111 and 112:
chromium alloy used in the intercon
Page 113:
In terms of primary energy consumpt
Page 116 and 117:
ures on the path towards future 100
Page 118 and 119:
plemented first. The socio‐econom
Page 120 and 121:
socio‐economic calculations)," Da
Page 122 and 123:
[40] M. C. Tucker, G. Y. Lau, C. P.
Page 124 and 125:
[69] H. Lund, "Excess electricity d
Page 127:
Appendix I 3
Page 130 and 131:
2 Fuel cell types In most countries
Page 132 and 133:
transport or smaller devices. DMFCs
Page 134 and 135:
combined with the water management
Page 136 and 137:
While interconnectors diffuse the g
Page 138 and 139:
the systems are less sensitive to p
Page 140 and 141:
Annex I. AFC Technology (2008‐pri
Page 142 and 143:
Annex III. LT‐PEMFC Technology (2
Page 144 and 145:
Annex V. MCFC Technology MCFC‐sys
Page 146 and 147:
References [1] B. V. Mathiesen and
Page 148 and 149:
[32] J. R. Selman, "Molten‐salt f
Page 150 and 151:
[64] L. Blum, H. P. Buchkremer, S.
Page 153 and 154:
Abstract Solid oxide fuel cells and
Page 155 and 156:
West Denmark Norway Germany 31 Swed
Page 157 and 158:
2 Ancillary service requirements An
Page 159 and 160:
have been identified. For SOFCs, me
Page 161 and 162:
As a reference for the analyses, a
Page 163 and 164:
• Wind turbines and locally dispa
Page 165 and 166:
In the first ancillary service scen
Page 167 and 168:
10 Acknowledgements This paper is p
Page 169:
[34] M. C. Tucker, G. Y. Lau, C. P.
Page 173 and 174:
Research Signpost 37/661 (2), Fort
Page 175 and 176:
Energy system analysis of fuel cell
Page 177 and 178:
Page 179 and 180:
Page 181 and 182:
Page 183 and 184:
Page 185 and 186:
Page 187 and 188:
Page 189:
Page 193 and 194:
Solid oxide fuel cells in renewable
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now, the changes in the Danish ener
Page 197 and 198:
In the next step, a market exchange
Page 199 and 200:
Extensive investments have to be ma
Page 201 and 202:
2.4 Costs of fuels, fuel handling,
Page 203 and 204:
Input: BAU 2030 Electricity system
Page 205 and 206:
potential for producing heat in FC
Page 207 and 208:
cies do not increase due to larger
Page 209 and 210:
In dry years, FC‐CHPs generate pr
Page 211 and 212:
4 Conclusion SOFC can improve the f
Page 213:
[23] Danish Energy Authority, "Frem
Page 217 and 218:
Comparative energy system analysis
Page 219 and 220:
2 Methodology In the methodology, t
Page 221 and 222:
to fuel at households of 72 per cen
Page 223 and 224:
listed in table 5 are from the Dani
Page 225 and 226:
Fig. 4, Annual fuel consumption of
Page 227 and 228:
enables a heat supply for at least
Page 229 and 230:
The COP of both HP systems have to
Page 231 and 232:
operated simultaneously; that the C
Page 233 and 234:
The HP systems analysed for 300,000
Page 235 and 236:
M. EUR/year 1,300 1,100 900 700 500
Page 237:
[11] B. V. Mathiesen and H. Lund, "
Page 241 and 242:
Comparative analyses of seven techn
Page 243 and 244: energy system analysed. Outputs are
Page 245 and 246: illustrates the excess electricity
Page 247 and 248: Input: DEA 2030 (market) 123 Refere
Page 249 and 250: Wind power Fuel Power plant CHP Boi
Page 251 and 252: of driving at full capacity. The di
Page 253 and 254: Open energy system, 25 TWh annual w
Page 255 and 256: Marginal PES excl. wind (TWh) 0,0 -
Page 257 and 258: educes excess production and fuel s
Page 259 and 260: M€/TWh fuel saved 120 100 80 60 4
Page 261 and 262: [8] M. Little, M. Thomson, and D. I
Page 263: [37] Danish Energy Authority, Elkra
Page 267 and 268: Long term perspective for balancing
Page 269 and 270: Contents 1 Technology Description .
Page 271 and 272: 7.2.1 Fuel cell types In Table 7-2
Page 273 and 274: In the SOFCs the electrolyte allows
Page 275 and 276: In the same energy system SOFC CHP
Page 277 and 278: 400$/kW before 2015 also for SOFC s
Page 279 and 280: unning temperature is lowered to 55
Page 281: [12] B. V. Mathiesen and H. Lund, "
Page 285 and 286: Abstract Integrated transport and r
Page 287 and 288: phase. The detailed energy system a
Page 289 and 290: The increase in the international a
Page 291 and 292: 2030, this results in 28.56 PJ net
Page 293: ate to 6 per cent. The result is th
Page 298 and 299: 2 The design of 100% renewable ener
Page 300 and 301: 4 documentation of the model can be
Page 302 and 303: 6 1.000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300
Page 304 and 305: 8 combined in order to reach the ta
Page 307 and 308: Uncertainties related to the identi
Page 309 and 310: tion of one marginal technology is
Page 311 and 312: policies for changes and a projecti
Page 313 and 314: The policy from 1996 [24] built on
Page 315 and 316: tial LCA studies should include sev
Page 317 and 318: 6 Case study of the affected electr
Page 319 and 320: adding waste to the BAU energy syst
Page 321 and 322: fected; thus, reinvestments are aff
Page 323 and 324: Appendix A LCA‐Study Miljømæssi
Page 325: LCA‐Study LCA of Danish fish prod
Page 328 and 329: [16] G. Finnveden, J. Johansson, P.
Page 330: [46] N. Mattsson, T. Unger, and T.
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