The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas Volume I, II, and III

Ethnography in South America 181
Retrospect and prospect (Austin, 1985); Mary Ritchie Key, Language change
in South American Indian languages (Philadelphia, 1991); eds. R. Escavy
and others, Actas del Congreso Internacional de Historiografia Linguistica.
Nebrija V Centenario. Volumen II: Nebrija y las Lenguas Amerindias
(Murcia, 1994).
For the Aparia episode, see Carvajal-Medina 222—230; Carvajal-Oviedo
377—378; on dual organization among Amazonian peoples, see Claude
Levi-Strauss, "Les structures sociales dans le Bresil central et oriental,"
and his, "Les organisations dualistes, existent-elles?," both in his Anthropologie
structurale (Paris, 1978), 133—145; 147—180, respectively. See also
David Maybury-Lewis, "The analysis of dual organizations: A methodological
critique," with the response by Claude Levi-Strauss, "On manipulated
sociological models," in Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land-en Volkenkunde
116 (i960), 17—54. Discussion continues in David Maybury-Lewis
ed., Dialectical societies. The Ge and Bororo of central Brazil (Cambridge,
Mass., 1979); Jon Christopher Crocker, Vital souls. Bororo cosmology,
natural symbolism, and shamanism (Tucson, 1985).
Regarding food storage, see Carvajal-Oviedo 383; 390; "parrots for the
pot," p. 379. See also Francisco Vasquez, El Dorado: Cronica de la expedition
de Pedro de Ursua y Lope de Aguirre (Madrid, 1987), 69; Relation
del descubrimiento del Rio de las Amazonas in Rafael Diaz, ed. La aventura
del Amazonas (Madrid, 1986), 234. This evidence, which could easily be
expanded, merits consideration in regard to Anna Curtenius Roosevelt's
comments (see above) on the difficulties of storing food in the humid
Amazonian climate. Regarding orchards, see Carvajal-Oviedo p. 386; cultivated
fields, Carvajal-Medina p. 261. For Machiparo military display,
consult Carvajal-Medina p. 237; on the Omagua, p. 246, or Carvajal-
Oviedo p. 386. The sculpted relief with tower and lions appears in Carvajal-Oviedo
387 ff. On chicha poured through an opening into the earth,
see R. T. Zuidema, "El Ushnu," in Jose Alcina Franch ed., Economia y
sociedad en los Andes y Mesoamerica {Revista de la Universidad Complutense
28, Madrid, 1979), 317—362.
On the Germans in Venezuela, see M. M. Lacas, "A sixteenth century
German colonizing venture in Venezuela," The Americas 9 (1952—53),
275-290. Juan Friede, Los Welser en la conquista de Venezuela (Caracas,
1961) is a major documented study. One chapter of this work was
published in English (but without the relevant reproductions of maps
from the book) as "Geographical ideas and the conquest of Venezuela,"
The Americas 16 (1959-60), 145-159. Nicolas Federmann's account of his
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