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The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas Volume I, II, and III
by Frank Salomon and Stuart B. Schwartz
by Frank Salomon and Stuart B. Schwartz
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‘<strong>The</strong> map which appears here in <strong>the</strong> printed edition has<br />
been removed for ease <strong>of</strong> use <strong>and</strong> now appears as an<br />
additional resource on <strong>the</strong> chapter overview page’.
Chiefdoms 595 compounds (for example, in those <strong>of</strong> Guatavita <strong>and</strong> Sogamoso) <strong>and</strong> largest in those <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Zipa <strong>and</strong> Zaque. Paramount <strong>and</strong> regional chiefs' redistribution <strong>of</strong> goods to people outside <strong>the</strong>ir own communities appears to have been less significant than chiefs' to <strong>the</strong>ir subjects, despite displays <strong>of</strong> generosity by <strong>the</strong> former in times <strong>of</strong> need, <strong>and</strong> feasting in <strong>the</strong> course <strong>of</strong> religious celebrations, completion <strong>of</strong> public works, or warfare. OTHER COMPLEX CHIEFDOMS Major trade networks in which Chibcha participated were located in <strong>the</strong> Cauca River valley <strong>and</strong> Caribbean regions, zones with many chiefdoms <strong>of</strong> different degrees <strong>of</strong> centralization in <strong>the</strong> sixteenth century. In <strong>the</strong> Cauca Valley unusually long <strong>and</strong> elaborate routes — some with bridges <strong>and</strong> stone roads, which Spanish explorers described as impressive — connected different polities. Markets were established, <strong>and</strong> specialists were employed in production <strong>of</strong> goods <strong>and</strong> possibly in carrying out exchanges. Cauca peoples' engagement in trade although intense was shared by chiefdoms such as <strong>the</strong> Chibcha <strong>and</strong> many o<strong>the</strong>rs. What was distinctive in <strong>the</strong> Cauca Valley was <strong>the</strong> role <strong>and</strong> frequency <strong>of</strong> warfare, <strong>the</strong> ideology attached to it, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> overall effects that it had on regional culture. Although little is known as yet regarding <strong>the</strong> process <strong>of</strong> prehispanic centralization in <strong>the</strong> Cauca or Caribbean regions, <strong>the</strong> general outlines <strong>of</strong> hierarchical structures can be discerned from materials dating to <strong>the</strong> Spanish conquest <strong>and</strong> early colonial period. We look at paramoun<strong>the</strong>aded groups first, moving north to south through <strong>the</strong> Cauca region <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n back to <strong>the</strong> Caribbean. Colombian Cauca <strong>and</strong> Patia Valleys <strong>and</strong> Adjacent Highl<strong>and</strong>s <strong>The</strong> numerous chiefdoms <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Leon, Atrato, Cauca, <strong>and</strong> Patia river valleys, tributary valleys, <strong>and</strong> surrounding mountain areas <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cordilleras Occidental <strong>and</strong> Central (see Map 7.1) were actively involved in extensive trade as well as in warfare for expansion, defense, <strong>and</strong> acquisition <strong>of</strong> slaves. 29 Unlike <strong>the</strong> Chibcha, Cauca Valley chiefdoms <strong>and</strong> those <strong>of</strong> nearby valleys <strong>and</strong> highl<strong>and</strong>s had slaves on a large scale that <strong>the</strong>y 29 In prehispanic America slaves varied from one society to ano<strong>the</strong>r with respect to treatment accorded <strong>the</strong>m <strong>and</strong> access to resources. Generally speaking slaves were individuals who had lost <strong>the</strong>ir rights <strong>of</strong> inheritance, resource use, succession, <strong>and</strong> protection by kin <strong>and</strong> community. <strong>Cambridge</strong> Histories Online © <strong>Cambridge</strong> University Press, 2008
‘<strong>The</strong> map which appears here in <strong>the</strong> printed edition has been removed for ease <strong>of</strong> use <strong>and</strong> now appears as an additional resource on <strong>the</strong> chapter overview page’.
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THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF THE NATIVE
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THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF THE NATIVE
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CONTENTS List of Illustrations page
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Contents vii 18 Warfare, Reorganiza
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c Illustrations II.i The native and
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xii Illustrations differentiation a
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xiv Illustrations 23.12 General Wil
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2 Frank Salomon & Stuart B. Schwart
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18 Frank Salomon & Stuart B. Schwar
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2O Frank Salomon RECORDING OF EVENT
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22 Frank Salomon Sun called Poquen
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24 Frank Salomon was framed within
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z6 Frank Salomon deeper into the fo
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28 Frank Salomon Another way in whi
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30 Frank Salomon sons — with othe
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32 Frank Salomon Apo Chata [interli
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34 Frank Salomon can language? One
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36 Frank Salomon for Paria Caca's l
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38 Frank Salomon problems, they wru
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40 Frank Salomon cally to record "d
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42 Frank Salomon Sir, listen to the
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44 Frank Salomon wisdom and social
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46 Frank Salomon had divided into O
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48 Frank Salomon which he calls pac
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50 Frank Salomon Unenforceable at f
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52 Frank Salomon theme, in tandem w
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54 Frank Salomon For students of th
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56 Frank Salomon schemes of Inka cu
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$8 Frank Salomon THE HISTORICAL DIM
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60 Frank Salomon from British Guian
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62. Frank Sabmon least 200 years, a
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64 Frank Salomon works. They seem t
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66 Frank Salomon But what might a h
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68 Frank Salomon of Saganafa's abdu
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jo Frank Salomon acquaintance with
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72 Frank Salomon the discovery of i
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74 Frank Salomon "Where are the peo
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j6 Frank Salomon mutton, the pork,
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78 Frank Salomon plural, with oral-
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80 Frank Salomon exchange for accul
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82 Frank Salomon as links to a hist
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84 Frank Salomon define them in a w
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86 Frank Salomon crucial transition
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88 Frank Salomon up and down the Pa
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90 Frank Salomon of memory (New Yor
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92 Frank Salomon de la Vega's 1609
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94 Frank Salomon Among the few work
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ETHNOGRAPHY IN SOUTH AMERICA: THE F
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98 Sabine MacCormack nous methods o
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ioo Sabine MacCormack seventeenth c
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102 Sabine MacCormack traveling bey
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104 Sabine MacCormack and hatchets;
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106 Sabine MacCormack Guides such a
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108 Sabine MacCormack Fever and imp
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no Sabine MacCormack and some consi
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H2 Sabine MacCormack less, the issu
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ii4 Sabine MacCormack an immortal s
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n6 Sabine MacCormack led some follo
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n8 Sabine MacCormack Staden and oth
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120 Sabine MacCormack doings and pl
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122 Sabine MacCormack thus from "In
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124 Sabine MacCormack The lords of
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126 Sabine MacCormack thatch, where
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128 Sabine MacCormack would wait, s
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130 Sabine MacCormack the populatio
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132 Sabine MacCormack warriors who
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134 Sabine MacCormack knew of no le
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136 Sabine MacCormack said about th
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138 Sabine MacCormack hierarchy and
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140 Sabine MacCormack other hand th
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142 Sabine MacCormack observed that
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144 Sabine MacCormack distance west
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146 Sabine MacCormack pairs, the up
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148 Sabine MacCormack was not merel
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150 Sabine MacCormack the Orinoco a
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152 Sabine MacCormack these same ri
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154 Sabine MacCormack the destiny o
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156 Sabine MacConnack written histo
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158 Sabine MacCormack Quechua dicti
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160 Sabine MacCormack nando Hacaspo
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162 Sabine MacCormack Chavin with s
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164 Sabine MacCormack or not, of pe
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166 Sabine MacCormack Anthony Graft
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168 Sabine MacCormack in Books 20-2
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170 Sabine MacConnack especially, C
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172 Sabine MacCormack Tupi-Guarani
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174 Sabine MacCormack Peru (London,
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176 Sabine MacCormack al descubrimi
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178 Sabine MacCormack 1970, Actas y
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180 Sabine MacCormack the less nutr
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182 Sabine MacCormack expedition, p
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184 Sabine MacCormack Christian god
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186 Sabine MacCormack 19; see also
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THE EARLIEST SOUTH AMERICAN LIFEWAY
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190 Thomas F. Lynch do some of our
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192 Thomas F. Lynch presence in Nor
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194 Figure 3.1. Late Pleistocene ma
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196 Thomas F. Lynch today, some Fre
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198 Thomas F. Lynch nificantly with
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200 Thomas F. Lynch mastodon, and i
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202 Thomas F. Lynch and archaeologi
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204 Thomas F. Lynch dillo, camelid,
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206 Thomas F. Lynch mammals. Later,
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208 Thomas F. Lynch climate record
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210 Thomas F. Lynch throughout the
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212 Thomas F. Lynch south-flowing t
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214 Thomas F. Lynch DNA of their ge
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2i 6 Thomas F. Lynch mostly in the
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218 Thomas F. Lynch Throughout most
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Z2O Thomas F. Lynch The biological
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222 Thomas F. Lynch America. Eyed n
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224 Thomas F. Lynch Plowing has sca
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226 Thomas F. Lynch ceramic period.
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228 Thomas F. Lynch characteristic
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230 Thomas F. Lynch extinct giant r
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232 Thomas F. Lynch 10,610 years on
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234 Thomas F. Lynch and probably be
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236 Thomas F. Lynch The most heavil
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238 Thomas F. Lynch the giant capyb
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240 Thomas F. Lynch In some regions
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242 Thomas F. Lynch similar coastal
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244 Thomas F. Lynch 10,000 years),
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246 Thomas F. Lynch absent along th
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248 Thomas F. Lynch In highland Ecu
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250 Thomas F. Lynch as anywhere in
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252 Thomas F. Lynch or so wrote Her
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254 Thomas F. Lynch La Yeguaga, fix
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2$6 Thomas F. Lynch Although corn w
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258 Thomas F. Lynch BIBLIOGRAPHIC E
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260 Thomas F. Lynch Antiquity 44 (1
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262 Thomas F. Lynch "Refuting late
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THE MARITIME, HIGHLAND, FOREST DYNA
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266 Anna C. Roosevelt oping complex
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268 Anna C. Roosevelt Therefore thi
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272 Anna C. Roosevelt wild or feral
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274 Anna C. Roosevelt lands during
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«i f Ji i II 1 I IB Cambridge Hist
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298 Anna C. Roosevelt with the ance
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3°4 Anna C. Roosevelt Figure 4.4.
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306 Anna C. Roosevelt people lived
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308 Anna C. Roosevelt Hinterland se
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310 Anna C. Roosevelt entary occupa
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312 Anna C. Roosevelt the tropical
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314 Anna C. Roosevelt highly accomp
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318 Anna C. Roosevelt for cooking.
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320 Anna C. Roosevelt appearance of
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322 Anna C. Roosevelt makes it diff
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324 Anna C. Roosevelt enough to be
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326 Anna C. Roosevelt Amazonia unti
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328 Anna C. Roosevelt Figure 4.5. P
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330 Anna C. Roosevelt this period t
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332. Anna C. Roosevelt Many large c
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334 Anna C. Roosevelt that they als
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336 Anna C. Roosevelt Horizon. It i
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338 Anna C. Roosevelt human disturb
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34O Anna C. Roosevelt Figure 4.8. M
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34 2 Anna C. Roosevelt the details
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344 Anna C. Roosevelt described, co
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346 Anna C. Roosevelt BIBLIOGRAPHIC
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348 Anna C. Roosevelt M. Moseley, T
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EVOLUTION OF ANDEAN DIVERSITY: REGI
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Izumi Shimada Table 5.1 Prehistoric
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354 Izumi Shimada of evidence for t
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356 Izumi Shimada Uneven Geographic
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358 Izumi Shimada the lead in many
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360 Izumi Shimada Overall, then, th
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362 Izumi Shimada mological importa
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364 Izumi Shimada 750 720 690 PAMPA
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366 Izumi Shimada A. OPEN FILTRATIO
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368 Izumi Shimada vian coast, as we
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37° Izumi Shimada and other aquati
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6000 M 3000 | QZ Attest Mi J^ V A
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374 Izumi Shimada Lake Titicaca (Fi
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376 Izumi Shimada Although domestic
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Izumi Shimada cultivation of maize
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380 Izumi Shimada of a domesticated
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382 Izumi Shimada to have had a ten
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384 Izumi Shimada sive polity based
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386 Izumi Shimada Chira R. River Va
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388 Izumi Shimada land and water ma
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390 Izumi Shimada constitute virtua
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392 Izumi Shimada repetitive motifs
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394 Izumi Shimada same time, the Ka
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396 Izumi Shimada similar feather c
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398 Izumi Shimada or spread in isol
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400 Izumi Shimada quality of the Na
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402 Izumi Shimada and edges of the
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& ' 404 Izumi Shimada 3' • CM Fig
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406 Izumi Shimada amic media is inv
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408 Izumi Shimada Mochica heartland
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410 Izumi Shimada northern Peruvian
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412 Izumi Shimada The second northe
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414 Izumi Shimada The central perso
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416 Izumi Shimada the features of t
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Izumi Shimada Figure 5.17. Jama-Coa
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42.O Izumi Shimada Figure 5.18. Bah
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422 Izumi Shimada man-made desert m
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42.4 Izumi Shimada Valley and its a
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426 Izumi Shimada Figure 5.19. Ten
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428 Izumi Shimada spatial aggregati
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43° Izumi Shimada weavers may have
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43 2 Izumi Shimada tion was directe
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434 Izumi Shimada depleted, necessi
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436 Izumi Shimada In addition to th
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1 GALLERY OF THE MADMAN 2 GALLERY O
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44° Izumi Shimada yard to the east
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Figure 5.23. Roll-out drawing of ca
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444 Izumi Shimada However we interp
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446 Izumi Shimada on bodies and gra
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448 Izumi Shimada Mochica people kn
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45° Izumi Shimada deities. This vi
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452 Izumi Shimada there were differ
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454 Izumi Shimada Figure 5.25. Nasc
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456 Izumi Shimada its initial appea
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458 Izumi Shimada tion). The paraph
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460 Izumi Shimada major focus of No
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462 Izumi Shimada ing Phase III (c.
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464 Izumi Shimada exchange and shar
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466 Izumi Shimada onset of this cha
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468 Izumi Shimada sacrifice, a stri
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47O Izumi Shimada MARKS FOUND ON SA
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472. Izumi Shimada PAMPA GRANDE 0 4
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474 Izumi Shimada of artistic and r
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476 Izumi Shimada Mustering these l
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478 Izumi Shimada forms of the huma
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480 Izumi Shimada ated with festivi
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482 Izumi Shimada function of ideol
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484 Izumi Shimada between them, as
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486 Izumi Shimada were built on a p
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488 Izumi Shimada some 600 kilomete
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49° Izumi Shimada fully account fo
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49 2 Izumi Shimada ranked Mochica p
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494 Izumi Shimada logia del Peru (i
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496 Izumi Shimada cultures of Colom
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498 Izumi Shimada sources are meage
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joo Izumi Shimada Wilson summarizes
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502 Izumi Shimada ship to developme
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504 Izumi Shimada capital of Nawimp
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$o6 Izumi Shimada Iconography and I
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508 Izumi Shimada approach to Mochi
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510 Izumi Shimada (London, 1972). E
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512 Izumi Shimada Also recommended
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514 Izumi Shimada "Filtration-galle
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$16 Izumi Shimada position is summa
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ANDEAN URBANISM AND STATECRAFT, (C.
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520 Luis Lumbreras in the Andes, wh
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52.2 Luis Lumbreras ceramic and tex
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524 Luis Lumbreras in very differen
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526 Luis Lumbreras same way, short
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528 Luis Lumbreras animals provided
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530 Luis Lumbreras of diverse ritua
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532. Luis Lumbreras of the terrain,
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534 Luis Lumbreras because until th
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Luis Lumbreras It does not seem to
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538 Luis Lumbreras economic — set
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540 Luis Lumbreras But if manufactu
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542. Luis Lumbreras divided by tran
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Chiefdoms 645 Centralization and th
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Chiefdoms 647 prior to Inka conques
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Chiefdoms 649 doms, were intruding
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Chiefdoms 651 and Cayambe. 89 They
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Chiefdoms 653 Throughout the former
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Chiefdoms 655 Colombian Chitarerros
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Chiefdoms 657 subordinate chiefs. I
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Chiefdoms 659 gines; and Ancient An
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Chiefdoms 661 Visita y Numeration d
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Chiefdoms 663 Rowe in Kroeber Anthr
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Chiefdoms 665 claves," Ethnohistory
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Chiefdoms 66j nomic overlays on ind
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The Caribbean Region: 3000-1500 B.C
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Archaeology of the Caribbean Region
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Archaeology of the Caribbean Region
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Archaeology of the Caribbean Region
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Archaeology of the Caribbean Region
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Archaeology of the Caribbean Region
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Archaeology of the Caribbean Region
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Archaeology of the Caribbean Region
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Archaeology of the Caribbean Region
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Archaeology of the Caribbean Region
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Gulf of Mexico The Caribbean Region
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Archaeology of the Caribbean Region
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Archaeology of the Caribbean Region
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Archaeology of the Caribbean Region
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Archaeology of the Caribbean Region
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Archaeology of the Caribbean Region
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Archaeology of the Caribbean Region
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Archaeology of the Caribbean Region
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Archaeology of the Caribbean Region
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Archaeology of the Caribbean Region
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Archaeology of the Caribbean Region
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Archaeology of the Caribbean Region
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Archaeology of the Caribbean Region
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Archaeology of the Caribbean Region
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Archaeology of the Caribbean Region
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Archaeology of the Caribbean Region
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Archaeology of the Caribbean Region
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Archaeology of the Caribbean Region
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Archaeology of the Caribbean Region
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Archaeology of the Caribbean Region
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Archaeology of the Caribbean Region
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Archaeology of the Caribbean Region
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Archaeology of the Caribbean Region
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Archaeological Regions of the South
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Central Andean Periods Late Horizon
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Prehistory of the Southern Cone 739
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Prehistory of the Southern Cone 741
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Prehistory of the Southern Cone 743
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Prehistory of the Southern Cone 745
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Prehistory of the Southern Cone 747
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Prehistory of the Southern Cone 749
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Prehistory of the Southern Cone 751
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Prehistory of the Southern Cone 753
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Prehistory of the Southern Cone 755
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Prehistory of the Southern Cone 757
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Prehistory of the Southern Cone 759
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Prehistory of the Southern Cone 761
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Prehistory of the Southern Cone 763
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Prehistory of the Southern Cone 765
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Prehistory of the Southern Cone 767
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10 THE FOURFOLD DOMAIN: INKA POWER
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Inka Power & Its Social Foundations
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Inka Power & Its Social Foundations
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Inka Power & Its Social Foundations
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Inka Power & Its Social Foundations
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Inka Power & Its Social Foundations
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Inka Power & Its Social Foundations
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Inka Power & Its Social Foundations
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Inka Power & Its Social Foundations
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Inka Power & Its Social Foundations
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Inka Power & Its Social Foundations
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Inka Power & Its Social Foundations
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Inka Power & Its Social Foundations
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Inka Power & Its Social Foundations
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Inka Power & Its Social Foundations
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Inka Power & Its Social Foundations
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Inka Power & Its Social Foundations
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Inka Power & Its Social Foundations
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Inka Power & Its Social Foundations
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Inka Power & Its Social Foundations
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Inka Power & Its Social Foundations
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Inka Power & Its Social Foundations
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Inka Power & Its Social Foundations
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Inka Power & Its Social Foundations
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Inka Power & Its Social Foundations
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Inka Power & Its Social Foundations
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Inka Power & Its Social Foundations
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Inka Power & Its Social Foundations
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Inka Power & Its Social Foundations
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Inka Power & Its Social Foundations
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Inka Power & Its Social Foundations
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Inka Power & Its Social Foundations
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Inka Power & Its Social Foundations
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Inka Power & Its Social Foundations
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Inka Power & Its Social Foundations
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Inka Power & Its Social Foundations
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Inka Power & Its Social Foundations
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Inka Power & Its Social Foundations
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Inka Power & Its Social Foundations
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Inka Power & Its Social Foundations
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Inka Power & Its Social Foundations
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Inka Power & Its Social Foundations
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Inka Power & Its Social Foundations
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Inka Power & Its Social Foundations
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Inka Power & Its Social Foundations
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Inka Power & Its Social Foundations
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Inka Power & Its Social Foundations
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Inka Power & Its Social Foundations
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Invaded Societies: The Caribbean (1
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Invaded Societies: The Caribbean (1
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Invaded Societies: The Caribbean (1
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Invaded Societies: The Caribbean (1
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Invaded Societies: The Caribbean (1
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Invaded Societies: The Caribbean (1
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Invaded Societies: The Caribbean (1
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Invaded Societies: The Caribbean (1
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Invaded Societies: The Caribbean (1
- Page 908 and 909:
Invaded Societies: The Caribbean (1
- Page 910 and 911:
Invaded Societies: The Caribbean (1
- Page 912 and 913:
Invaded Societies: The Caribbean (1
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Invaded Societies: The Caribbean (1
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Invaded Societies: The Caribbean (1
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Invaded Societies: The Caribbean (1
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Invaded Societies: The Caribbean (1
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Invaded Societies: The Caribbean (1
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Invaded Societies: The Caribbean (1
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Invaded Societies: The Caribbean (1
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Invaded Societies: The Caribbean (1
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Colonial Cities and Indigenous Regi
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Invaded Societies: Andean Area (150
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Invaded Societies: Andean Area (150
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Invaded Societies: Andean Area (150
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Invaded Societies: Andean Area (I$O
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Invaded Societies: Andean Area (150
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Invaded Societies: Andean Area (150
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Invaded Societies: Andean Area (150
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Invaded Societies: Andean Area (150
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Invaded Societies: Andean Area (I$O
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Invaded Societies: Andean Area (150
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Invaded Societies: Andean Area (150
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Invaded Societies: Andean Area (150
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Invaded Societies: Andean Area (150
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Invaded Societies: Andean Area (150
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Invaded Societies: Andean Area (150
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Invaded Societies: Andean Area (150
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Invaded Societies: Andean Area (150
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Invaded Societies: Andean Area (150
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Invaded Societies: Andean Area (150
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Invaded Societies: Andean Area (I$O
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Invaded Societies: Andean Area (150
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Invaded Societies: Andean Area (150
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Invaded Societies: Andean Area (150
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Invaded Societies: Andean Area (150
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Invaded Societies: Andean Area (150
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Invaded Societies: Andean Area (150
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Invaded Societies: Andean Area (150
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Invaded Societies: Andean Area (150
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Invaded Societies: Andean Area (150
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Invaded Societies: Andean Area (150
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Invaded Societies: Andean Area (I$O
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Invaded Societies: Andean Area (150
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Invaded Societies: Andean Area (150
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13 THE CRISES AND TRANSFORMATIONS O
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Invaded Societies: i6th-Century Coa
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Invaded Societies: i6th-Century Coa
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Invaded Societies: i6th-Century Coa
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Invaded Societies: i6th-Century Coa
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Invaded Societies: i6th-Century Coa
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Invaded Societies: i6th-Century Coa
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Invaded Societies: i6th-Century Coa
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Invaded Societies: i6th-Century Coa
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Invaded Societies: i6th-Century Coa
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Invaded Societies: i6th-Century Coa
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Invaded Societies: i6th-Century Coa
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Invaded Societies: i6th-Century Coa
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Invaded Societies: i6th-Century Coa
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Invaded Societies: i6th-Century Coa
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Invaded Societies: i6th-Century Coa
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Invaded Societies: i6th-Century Coa
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Invaded Societies: i6th-Century Coa
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Invaded Societies: i6th-Century Coa
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Invaded Societies: i6th-Century Coa
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Invaded Societies: i6th-Century Coa
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Invaded Societies: i6th-Century Coa
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Invaded Societies: i6th-Century Coa
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Invaded Societies: i6th-Century Coa
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Invaded Societies: i6th-Century Coa
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Invaded Societies: i6th-Century Coa
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